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nanoparticles, and they were imaged at various time points to track
their movement through the digestive tract. They were monitored
for 24 h without any photobleaching observed. The upconversion
fluorescence from the digestive tract of the worms is shown in
Fig. 3.7b [43]. Similarly, NaYF
: Yb, Er upconversion nanoparticles
4
plants through the
roots, and upconversion fluorescence was observed in the roots,
shoots, and leaves [44].
were able to enter
Arabidopsis
and
Phalaenopsis
Figure 3.7
In
microscopy applications using lanthanide-based
nanoparticles. (a)
vivo
NIR imaging of Balb-c mice [45],
(b) imaging the digestive tract of
in vivo
(c) imaging
of blood vessels [46], (d, e) comparison of the fluorescence
emission of quantum dots and lanthanide-based upconversion
nanoparticles [35]. Reprinted with permission, Copyright ©
2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, American Chemical Society, Elsevier
Ltd., Royal Society of Chemistry.
C. elegans
[43],
The effectiveness of these nanoparticles in small animal
imaging has also been reported. Chatterjee
et al
. reported the
: Yb, Er upconversion nanoparticles, which were
subcutaneously injected in various parts of Wistar rats, such as
the upper leg and groin. The upconversion fluorescence was also
compared with the fluorescence from green-emitting quantum dots,
and it was found to have better tissue penetration depths [35]. A
comparative study between the effectiveness of Cy5.5 (NIR dye) and
upconversion nanoparticles for
imaging of NaYF
4
imaging was also reported
using transillumination fluorescence imaging [47]. They were
also used for the real time imaging of myoblasts transfected with
upconversion nanoparticles in a living mouse model. Time lapse
in vivo
