Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 15.1B
Cases of Parthenogenetic Reproduction in Which Evidence Exists for Microbial
Involvement
Taxon
h
a
w
p
c
a
Ref.
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Tenthredinoidae
Pristiphora erichsonii
+
?
?
?
?
Smith, 1955
Aphelinidae
Aphelinus asynchus
+
?
?
?
?
Schlinger and Hall, 1959
Aphytis mytilaspidis
?
?
?
m
+
Rssler and DeBach, 1973
Signiforidae
Signiphora borinquensis
+
?
?
?
+
Quezada et al., 1973
Encyrtidae
Pauridia peregrina
+
?
?
f
+
Flanders, 1965
Ooencyrtus
submetallicus
+
?
?
?
Ï
ilson and Woolcock, 1960a,b;
Wilson, 1962
O. fecundus
+
?
?
?
?
Laraichi, 1978
Plagiomerus diaspidis
+
?
?
?
Ï
Gordh and Lacey, 1976
Trechnites psyllae
?
+
?
?
?
T.R. Unruh, pers. commun.
Habrolepis rouxi
+
?
?
?
?
Flanders, 1945
Trichogrammatidae
Trichogramma
sp.
+
?
?
?
?
Bowen and Stern, 1966
T. telengai
+
?
?
?
?
Sorakina, 1987
Eulophidae
Galeopsomyia fausta
?
+
?
?
+
b
Argov et al., 2000
Cynipidea
Hexicola
sp.
near
+
?
?
?
?
EskaÝ and Legner, 1974
websteri
Note:
The evidence is classiÝed as males following heat treatment (h), males following antibiotic treatment (a), and
molecular evidence for
presence (w). In addition, information is given if the parthenogenetic forms are found
in populations where parthenogenesis is Ýxed in the population or if it occurs mixed with sexual reproduction (p) and if
the males and females are capable of successful copulations (c). + = Evidence exists, ? = information not available, f =
parthenogenesis Ýxed in population, m = parthenogenesis and sexual reproduction occur in populations.
Wolbachia
a
Copulations are successful (+) or not (Ï).
b
Mating and sperm transfer take place, but no successful fertilization of eggs.
unfertilized infected egg develops into a diploid female, homozygous at all loci, and an unfertilized
uninfected egg into a haploid male. This diploidization process, which results in a fusion of two
identical sets of chromosomes, is called gamete duplication. Allozyme analysis showed that infected
females from the three
Trichogramma
species studied Ð
T. pretiosum
,
T. deion
,
and
T. kaykai Ð
still fertilized their eggs with sperm from conspeciÝc males. The heterozygous F1 virgin females
produced only homozygous offspring. This conÝrmed the gamete duplication. When infected eggs
are fertilized, sperm prevents the diploidization during the Ýrst mitotic division caused by
Wolbachia
infection and heterozygous infected females develop.
Besides
Trichogramma
spp., two additional cases of gamete duplication due to
Wolbachia
infection have been reported. Stille and Dvring (1980) and Gottlieb et al. (in press) observed a
slightly different cytogenetic process in the parthenogenetic gall wasp
Diplolepis rosae
and the
pteromalid wasp
Muscidifurax uniraptor
, respectively. Diploidy restoration is not achieved because
