Symbiotic Relationships of Tephritids - Insect Symbiosis - page 124

complex dynamics. These observations include: (1) attraction behavior mediated by catabolic
capabilities of bacteria, (2) selection of speciÝc bacteria that establish within the fruit Þy gut,
(3) migration and establishment of ingested bacteria to egg surfaces, and (4) vertical transmission
of certain bacteria throughout life stages and subsequent generations. We cannot forget that certain
bacteria associated with tephritids may be involved in mediating host-plant location and detoxifying
toxic plant compounds as well as facilitating larval feeding within host fruits. In summary, it is
likely that speciÝc bacteria are essential components of both the nutritional and reproductive
physiology of tephritids, involve host plantÏinsect relationships, and overall are major contributors
to the success or failure of tephritid insects.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank Sarah Potter for her assistance with research and T.A. Miller and K. Bourtzis for their
editorial comments. Work reported here was supported by grants from the California Department
of Food and Agriculture, the California Citrus Research Board, and the United States Department
of Agriculture.
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