Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Figure 5.8
Sand in a measuring cylinder - Example 5.4.
When the cylinder is carefully filled with water up to the top level of the sand (see
Fig. 5.8(b)),
G
s
2.68
9.81
+
v
−
1
+
1.70
−
1
19.5 kN/m
3
unit weight
γ =
γ
w
=
=
v
1.70
The side of the measuring cylinder is tapped several times, causing the level of the sand
to settle to a volume of 870 cm
3
. At the new denser state (see Fig. 5.8(c)),
volume of soil
volume of grains
=
870
560
=
specific volume
v
=
1.55
G
s
2.68
9.81
+
v
−
1
+
1.55
−
1
20.4 kN/m
3
unit weight
γ =
γ
=
=
w
v
1.55
10
−
6
volume
area
870
×
depth of soil
z
=
=
=
0.37 m
π
×
55
2
×
10
−
6
/4
References
BS 5930 (1999)
Code of Practice for Site Investigations,
British Standards Institution, London.
BS 1377 (1990)
Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes,
British Standards
Institution, London.
Kolbuszewski, J. J. (1948) 'An experimental study of the maximum and minimum porosities of
sands',
Proceedings of 2nd International SMFE Conference, Rotterdam,
Vol. 1.
Further reading
Atkinson, J. H. and P. L. Bransby (1978)
The Mechanics of Soils,
McGraw-Hill, London.
Clayton, C. R. I., N. E. Simons and M. C. Matthews (1995)
Site Investigation
, Blackwell,
London.
Head, K. H. (1980)
Manual of Soil Laboratory Testing
, Vol. 1,
Soil Classification and
Compaction Tests
, Pentech Press, London.
Mitchell, J. K. and K. Soga (2005)
Fundamentals of Soil Behaviour,
3rd Edition, Wiley,
New York.
