Sustainable Development of Technopolis: Case Study of Daedeok Science Town/Innopolis in Korea - Technopolis: Best Practices for Science and Technology Cities - page 90

research. These resources have become scarce in the major metropolitan areas.
Consequently, the regional and technological objective is to promote technological
development in less developed areas. For this purpose, physical, scientific, and
institutional infrastructure is developed in a decentralized pattern by a combination
of measures taken at the local and regional levels and by national government
(Stöhr and Poeninghaus 1992 ). A useful distinction can be made between a
technopolis and a science city. Whereas new settlements with many high-tech
production firms but relatively few basic research institutes are referred to as
technopolises, ''science cities are areas dominated by basic research institutes,
with relatively few high-tech production firms.'' 1
2.2 Sustainability: Concept and Major Principles
The term ''sustainable development'' has been described in various ways without
universal consensus. To extract a common definition, many researchers (e.g.,
Pezzey 1989 ; Pearce 1989 ; Trzyna 1995 , etc.) have attempted to analyze various
definitions of sustainable development.
Trzyna ( 1995 ) argued that at least seventy definitions of sustainable develop-
ment are in circulation. Despite extensive efforts to extract a common definition,
there is still no commonly accepted single definition of sustainable development
(Haughton and Hunter 1994 ). However, the most widely used definitions of sus-
tainable development are those in Our Common Future (1987) and Caring for the
Earth (1991) (Trzyna 1995 ). In addition, it becomes apparent that there are three
key domains in the conceptualization of sustainable development:
1. Environmental sustainability: Goodland ( 1995 ) argued that to achieve envi-
ronmental sustainability: (i) in the 'source site' harvest rates of renewable
sources must be kept within the regeneration rates; (ii) in the 'sink site' waste
emissions must be controlled within the assimilative capacity of the environ-
ment so as not to impair it (Khan 1995 ). Environmental scientists argue that
environmental sustainability is most essential for the continued well being of
human society since, only within ecosystems, can vital life-support processes
take place.
2. Social sustainability: this implies that human/social capital (e.g., tradition,
equality, accessibility, empowerment, participation/sharing, cultural identity,
etc.) must be preserved or improved to maintain sustainable development.
Social scientists (e.g., Ruttan 1991 ) strongly argue that there is a close link
between social condition (i.e., poverty) and environmental decay. It is argued
1 These two terms and the types of communities they represent are not mutually exclusive. For
example, Silicon Valley in the USA is well established as both a science city and technopolis
(Rosers and Dearing, 1990). The term 'science city' applies best to Tsukuba science city in Japan,
which was consciously planned as a basic research city.