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Institute of Washington in 1923 [38] , which later led to the modified versions by
Goranson [39] in 1931. Figure 2.4 shows the schematic diagram of the autoclave
design of Adams and Smyth. Before the development of these autoclaves, hydro-
thermal research was confined only to lower pressure and lower temperature limits
because the externally heated vessels failed as a result of creep and oxidation of
the alloy used. On the other hand, the pressure vessels designed by Adams and
Smyth were internally heated and externally cooled by circulating water. These
developments in the 1920s are regarded as important milestones in hydrothermal
research. They set a new trend in the search for new alloys, and extended pressure
Figure 2.4 Schematic diagram of the
autoclave design of Adams and
Smyth [38] .
Source: Courtesy of the American
Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
Thermal
Water
Silica
tube
Junction
Furnace
tubes
Furnace
leads
Silica
maker
Water
Furnace
lead
Pump
10 cm
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