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and, around the 1920s, he framed the most important petrologic principle, viz.,
Bowen's Reaction Principle,asshownin Figure 2.3 .
These ideas of Bowen have been, without question, one of the rare landmarks in
the history of petrology. The main opposition for this principle was that the extrap-
olation of experimental phase equilibrium results was based on the data he obtained
from systems made from relatively few and chemically pure components to natural
systems. Subsequently, Bowen continued his research in this field, worked on sev-
eral complex systems, and revised his earlier proposed reaction series slightly.
While Bowen was working on the petrologic problems, Morey, Niggli, and Fenner
were actively studying the silicate systems with water as one of the components.
Morey [37] first designed a simple, gasketed, sealed steel autoclave of 25
100 ml
volume in the year 1913. It became very popular because of its simplicity and ease
to handle. Later, the autoclave that bore his name was widely used for working up
to the temperature of 450 C and 2 kbar pressure. The details of the design and con-
struction are discussed in Chapter 3. The first American autoclave designs were
those of Adams and Smyth, again from Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie
M 1
X 1
Melt
Peritectic
Melt
M
M 2
Fo
X 2
Fo
En
Fo
En
SiO 2
An
Ab
Discontinuous
(sharply bounded) reaction rim
Continuous
gradation,
zoned
compositionally
Fo
An-rich
Fo + M Fo + En
En
Ab-rich
An-rich
Olivine (individual SiO 4 )
High temperature
Diopsidic
augite
Fo
Basalt
Hypersthene (single chains)
(or Enstatite)
Augite
Ferroaugite
Andesite
Sanidine
Hornblende (double
chains)
more-Na-rich
K-feldspar
Ab-rich
Rhyolite
Biotite (sheets)
Low temperature
Orthoclase (frameworks)
Muscovite
Quartz
Fa
Figure 2.3 Bowen's reaction principle [36] .
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