Marine Invertebrate Neoichnology - Trace Fossils as Indicators of Sedimentary Environments - page 283

improving the overall utility of ichnology in the high-resolution interpretation
of the rock record, providing a foundation for interpretation of the paleoichno-
logical results and the advancement and refinement of both ichnofacies and ich-
nofabric methodologies.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
S. E. D.'s research was generously supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council
of Canada (NSERC, Grant Number 341789), Nexen Inc., Imperial Oil Ltd., Statoil and Suncor
Energy. M. K. G.'s research was supported by grants from NSERC (Grant Number 0001380)
and ongoing support from Nexen Inc., ConocoPhillips Canada, Devon Energy Canada, BP
Canada, Statoil and Shell. Thanks to Tyler Hauck for permission to reproduce the impressive
artwork in Figs. 1 and 3 and to Korhan Aryranci for many of the photos and images included in
Fig. 6 . We wish to thank A. Martin, R. Bromley, and D. Knaust for their reviews of this chapter.
REFERENCES
Aller, R.C., Yingst, J.Y., 1978. Biogeochemistry of tube-dwellings: a study of the sedentary poly-
chaete Amphitrite ornata (Leidy). J. Mar. Res. 36, 201-254.
Atkinson, R.J.A., 1974. Behavioural ecology of the mud-burrowing crab Goneplax rhomboides .
Mar. Biol. 25, 239-252.
Atkinson, R.J.A., Nash, R.D.M., 1990. Some preliminary observations on the burrows of Callia-
nassa subterranea (Montagu) (Decapoda: Thalassinidea) from the west coast of Scotland.
J. Nat. Hist. 24, 403-413.
Belley, R., Archambault, P., Sundby, B., Gilbert, F., Gagnon, J.-C., 2010. Effects of hypoxia on
benthic macrofauna and bioturbation in the estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. Cont.
Shelf Res. 30, 1302-1313.
Bromley, R.G., 1990. Trace Fossils: Biology and Taphonomy. Unwin Hyman, London, 280 pp.
Bromley, R.G., 1996. Trace Fossils: Biology, Taphonomy and Applications. Chapman & Hall,
London, 361 pp.
Bromley, R.G., Asgaard, U., 1975. Sediment structures produced by a spatangoid echinoid: a prob-
lem of preservation. Bull. Geol. Soc. Denmark 24, 261-281.
Bromley, R.G., Asgaard, U., 1993. Two bioerosion ichnofacies produced by early and late burial
associated with sea level change. Geol. Rundsch. 82, 276-280.
Bromley, R.G., Frey, R.W., 1974. Redescription of the trace fossil Gyrolithes and taxonomic eval-
uation of Thalassinoides , Ophiomorpha , and Spongeliomorpha . Bull. Geol. Soc. Denmark 23,
311-335.
Buatois, L.A., Gingras, M.K., MacEachern, J., M ´ ngano, M.G., Zonneveld, J.-P., Pemberton, S.G.,
Netto, R.G., Martin, A., 2005. Colonization of brackish-water systems through time: evidence
from the trace-fossil record. Palaios 20, 321-347.
Cavanaugh, C.M., 1994. Microbial symbiosis: patterns of diversity in the marine environment. Am.
Zool. 34, 79-89.
Chapman, P.M., Brinkhurst, R.O., 1981. Seasonal changes in interstitial salinities and seasonal
movements of subtidal benthic invertebrates in the Fraser River estuary, B.C. Estuar. Coast.
Shelf Sci. 12, 49-66.
Clifton, H.E., Thompson, J.K., 1978. Macaronichnus segregatis : a feeding structure of shallow
marine polychaetes. J. Sediment. Petrol. 48, 1293-1302.