Marine Invertebrate Neoichnology - Trace Fossils as Indicators of Sedimentary Environments - page 277

FIGURE 6 Examples of burrowing echinoderms, cnidarians, and holothurians, and their burrow
morphologies. Most photos of animals were taken in the Strait of Georgia, Canada. Trace names are
assigned based on morphological similarities between the burrows and common trace fossils.
The photos of Brisaster latifrons , Pentamera pseudocalcigera , Leptosynapta clarki , and Molpadia
intermedia were provided by Korhan Ayranci. Burrow morphology is derived from a variety of
sources: B . latifrons from Goldring et al. (2007) ; E . cordatum from Bromley and Asgaard (1975)
and Kanazawa (1992) ; Pachycerianthus is modeled after Sch¨fer (1972) and Bromley (1996) ;
Utricina from Sanamyan and Sanamyan (2006) and McDonald (2010) ; P . pseudocalcigera from
Howard (1968) and Gingras et al. (2008a) ; L . clarki from ( Myers, 1977b ); and, M . intermedia from
the authors research and from Sch¨fer (1972) , Rhoads (1974) , and Bromley (1996) . Living position
of M . intermedia in mud is deduced from ongoing research in the Strait of Georgia, Canada.
produce Arenicolites , Skolithos ( Bromley, 1996; Heezen and Hollister, 1971;
Myers, 1977a,b; Rhoads, 1974; Rhoads and Young, 1971; Sch¨fer, 1972 ),
and concentrically laminated, Asterosoma -like and spreitenated, Teichnichnus -
like traces ( Fig. 6 ; Ginsburg et al., 1966; Zhang et al., 2008 ). Arenicolites
and Diplocraterion -like traces are produced by suspension-feedingholothurians,
whereas traces similar to Skolithos , Asterosoma , and Teichnichnus are made by
holothurians employing deposit-feeding strategies. Recognition of holothurian-
generated burrows requires additional research; our present understanding of the
burrows made by these animals is limited and does not enable recognition of the
paleo-infaunal community.