Marine Invertebrate Neoichnology - Trace Fossils as Indicators of Sedimentary Environments - page 268

FIGURE 1 Common burrowing vermiform animals and their burrow morphologies. Most of the
animals are polychaetes with the exception of Saccoglossus kowalevskii (hemichordate), Cerebra-
tulus lacteus (nemertean), and the tubificid oligochaetes (closely related to polychaetes). Trace
names are assigned based on morphological similarities between the burrows and common trace
fossils. All animals burrow in intertidal and shallow subtidal settings. Modified after Hauck et al.
(2009 ).
terebellid polychaetes in all substrate types ( Aller and Yingst, 1978; Bromley,
1990; Dashtgard et al., 2008; Gingras et al., 1999 ). The exact purpose of the thick
lining is unknown, although it may be used to (1) maintain water movement
through the tube, (2) stabilize the substrate, (3) protect the animal, and/or (4) grow