Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 14.1.
Area under cultivation and mango
production in leading countries (2007).
Box 14.1.
Value-chain approach for
production and export of mangoes.
Area
Production
Preharvest
Introduction of appropriate cultivars
Good agricultural practices (GAPs)
Improved extension services
Country
(hectares)
(metric tons)
India
2,143,000
13,501,000
China
445,000
3,752,000
Thailand
285,000
1,800,000
Harvesting and Field Handling
Harvest at correct maturity
Correct harvesting techniques
De-sap fruit
Field heat removal
Sorting, grading and on-farm packing
On-farm storage
Indonesia
266,000
1,620,000
Pakistan
215,000
2,250,000
Mexico
200,000
2,050,000
Philippines
181,000
975,000
Nigeria
126,500
734,000
Brazil
89,800
1,546,000
Postharvest Processing Infrastructure
Cold storages
Washing, waxing, and grading
Hot water dip
Vapor heat treatment
Irradiation
Quality assurance through testing
Source: Anon. (2007).
Table 14.3. In Pakistan, major mango varieties are 'Sindhri,'
'Langra,' 'Doshehri,' 'Bombay Green,' 'Chauna,' and
'Neelam' (PHDEB, 2005). The mango production seasons
across different countries of the world are shown in Fig.
14.1.
Logistics and Market Information
Inland refrigerated transport (road/rail)
Overseas shipment (air/sea)
Maturity indices
The stage of harvest of fruits greatly influences the ripen-
ing behavior and quality of the fruit. The characteristic
taste and flavor of the variety cannot be attained unless the
fruits are harvested at the correct stage of maturity. How-
ever, demand and marketing pressure often undermine this
criterion, and farmers go for a premature harvest followed
by forced ripening using chemicals. The storage potential-
ity, marketable life, and quality of mango fruits depend
on the stage of maturity at which the fruit is harvested.
Poor quality and uneven ripening are caused by early
harvesting, and late harvesting results in extremely poor
shelf life. Maturity is based on the measurement of various
qualitative and quantitative factors. Various workers have
correlated the maturity with various physical characteris-
tic like skin color, shape, size, shoulder growth, and spe-
cific gravity. Some workers have correlated it with chem-
ical parameters such as total soluble solids (TSS), acidity,
starch, phenolic compounds, and carotenoids (Rao et al.,
1970, 1972).
Slight color development on the shoulders of the fruits is
also suggested as the right stage for harvest. Farmers rely
widely on
tapka
(drop) stage, that is, harvesting when one
or two ripe fruits fall from the plant naturally. The other
method to judge the maturity is when the fruits attain a
specific gravity of 1.01 to 1.02 (Singh, 1960). Harkeness
Market Information
Mapping of potential markets
Export market requirements of quality
Packaging and labeling requirements
Export market legislation; tariffs, SPS, etc.
Regulatory
Compliance to SPS and other measures
National grades and quality standards
Preshipment inspection
Research and Development
Shelf life extension of exportable varieties
Minimize physiological disorders
Shelf life of irradiated mangoes
Export trials of irradiated mangoes
Source: Adapted from PHDEB (2005).
MANGO VARIETIES, MATURITY INDICES, AND
HARVESTING
Varieties
The principal cultivars of the world compiled by Watson
and Winston (1984) and Srivastava (1998) are listed in
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