Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Chapter 11
Coupled Biomechanical Modeling of the Face,
Jaw, Skull, Tongue, and Hyoid Bone
Ian Stavness, Mohammad Ali Nazari, Cormac Flynn, Pascal Perrier,
Yohan Payan, John E. Lloyd and Sidney Fels
11.1 Introduction
Over the past three decades, modeling and simulation of musculoskeletal systems
has greatly enhanced our understanding of the biomechanics and neural control
of human and animal movement. Musculoskeletal simulations have been used to
analyze human posture, gait, reaching, and other motor tasks (for review, see Delp
et al. [
1
]). Musculoskeletal simulations have been reported across multiple spatial
scales; however, macro-scale anatomical models have been most prevalent. Such
models represent the human body as a series of rigid skeletal components connected
by 1D lumped-parameter springs formuscles and tendons. There is increasing interest
in modeling human biomechanics at smaller spatial scales and in particular at the
tissue-level scale in 3D. These directions are motivated in part by a desire for more
