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and promote the philosophical study. Technique layer is the bridge between
philosophical view of knowledge and the application of knowledge.
(3) The applications of philosophical and technical outcomes give an impe-
tus for the re-examination of philosophical and technical studies too. The
feedbacks from applications provide evidence for the confirmation, re-
examination, and modification of philosophical and technical results.
Three layers of the conceptual framework are tightly integrated, namely,
they are mutually connected, supported, promoted, facilitated, conditioned
and restricted. The division between the three layers is not a clear cut, and
may overlap and interweave with each other. Any of them is indispensable
in the study of intelligence and intelligent systems. They must be considered
together in a common framework through multi-disciplinary studies, rather
than in isolation.
4 Enriched Views on the Three-Layered Framework
We believe the three-layered conceptual framework establishes a proper foun-
dation of data mining. It can promote the progress of data mining; to advance
the science and technology related to data mining. By putting the three ex-
isting views that we have discussed in Sect. 2 into the conceptual framework,
we obtain a 3(view)-by-3(layer) Fig. 2 and more insights.
We study, from the function-oriented view, not only what data mining
programs can and cannot do in the technology and application layer, but
also in the abstract, what knowledge is possibly stored in the information
system, how programs should store and retrieve specific kinds of information
in their specific structure and representation. From the theory-oriented view,
the key thing is not only to pile up various theories, algorithms, to beat up
the e
ciency, or even worse, to reinvent theories and methodologies that have
been well-studied in the other domains. It emphasizes the understanding and
human-computer interaction. From the procedure-oriented view, it should be
guided by the procedure of general scientific research too.
Layer
Philosophy layer
Technique layer
Application layer
View
What knowledge can be
discovered? What is the nature of
the knowledge to be discovered?
How to discover this
type of knowledge?
How to use this type of
knowledge for the real
life?
Function -
oriented view
Which theory is related to data
mining? How related is it? What
is the benefit? What is the
expense?
How to implement this
theory for data
mining?
How to implement this
theory for data mining
in real life?
Theory - oriented
view
What is the connection between
the procedure of general scientific
research and the specific
procedure of data mining?
How to implement
each process, or a
particular process, of
data mining?
In real applications,
some processes are
focused on.
Procedure -
oriented view
Fig. 2.
Three views and three layers
