Information Technology Reference
In-Depth Information
- the environment refers to the physical space where the interaction takes place.
It can be described by light, sound, social, etc. conditions.
The value refers to a set of user-centered properties. In HCI, this notion of value
is put forward by Cockton [COC 04], [COC 05]. He believes that usability is not
sufficient: it must be confronted with the true expectations of the user. The example
that he gives is that of heating management [COC 04]. The systems are possibly
usable in the sense that they are easy to use and learn but none really meets the true
desire of the user, which is to make a saving. The user does not program his heating
system for fun. It is to reduce his bill. A good system should therefore show him
how much he has saved. By extrapolation to the domain of transport, the incentive
to use a mode of public transport or a combination of several personal and/or public
modes (for example, take ones car to go to the station, then the train, then the tram,
then walk) to go from point A to point B (refer on this subject to Chapter 1) can rest
on a number of value criteria. These criteria can be those related to savings, time
gained, or the possibility of traveling, or not, in connected mode during the trip. All
of this must take into account the possible handicaps of the user, with the desire to
be informed of the possible delays in the network, of the weather forecast (if it is
raining, I'm not going to take my bicycle), etc. in real time.
In economy, value is defined as a unit that increases when the user's satisfaction
increases or total spending decreases. Here, no judgment of value is established,
consequently leaving the possibility of:
- whether or not to integrate the notion of cost;
- whether or not to support it with existing reference sources in the field of HCI,
or in that of software ergonomics, whether normalized or not (for example ISO/IEC
9126), general references, attributing special attention to acceptability, utility and
usability (e.g. typical reference sources such as [ABO 92], [BAS 93], [BRA 03],
[CON 99], [DIX 93], [GRA 96], [NIE 94], [PRE 94], [SCH 97], [SHA 91],
[STE 09], [VAN 99] or specific references (such as [MON 05], [NOG 08] for the
web or [LOP 04] for adaptation).
For choosing the appropriate properties, the domain-dependent functions as well
as the adaptation process need to be considered. For example, observability
[GRA 06] is a criterion of general value. It applies to both the application domain
and the adaptation process (and therefore successively to the UI and possibly to its
meta-UI). In contrast, interaction continuity [TRE 03] measured, for example, by
the number of physical actions the user has to repeat after UI adaptation, or inter-
usability (i.e. “the facility with which users can transfer and adapt what they have
learnt from their previous uses of a service when they access it with a new
medium”) [KAR 05] - also called horizontal usability [SEF 04] - are value criteria
specific to the adaptation process.
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