From Human-Machine Interaction to Cooperation: Towards the Integrated Copilot - Human-Computer Interactions in Transport - page 136

Obstacle
De t ect i on

Regulation:
Approach

Regulation:
Following

Resolution:
O ve r taking

View 1 (initial conditions) View 4 (overtaking attempt)

View 2 (obstacle is detectable) View 5 (overtaking intent)

View 3 (obstacle is detected)

View2
View3

View5

View 6 (overtaking manoeuvre)

View4

View1 View6

Figure 5.2. Example of data collected and analysis of the activity, in a situation of arrival at
an obstacle (slow vehicle). The lines in the center respectively correspond to: the angle
of the steering wheel (in degrees), the state of the indicators, and the percentage the pedals
are pushed in: brake; accelerator; clutch; the speed of the vehicle (in km/h); the time to
collision in seconds; the time headway in seconds; the distance to the obstacle (in meters);
and the distance covered (each “peak” corresponds to 10 m covered)

The situation reproduced here represents 38 s of driving upon the arrival of a
slow vehicle (tractor equipped with a revolving light) in the rain. View 1
corresponds to the initial driving situation before the obstacle is detectable (exit
from a bend at 80 km/h): the tractor is situated at around 200 m but it is still masked
by lateral vegetation. In View 2, the obstacle is situated at 180 m. It is detectable for
the first time. It progresses at an estimated speed of 25 km/h. The time to collision
(TTC) is around 12 s, and the time headway (IVT) greater than 8 s. The current
speed of our female driver is still 80 km/h, and no particular regulation procedure
has been engaged at this instant. In View 3 , the obstacle is around 110 m ahead. The
time to collision is around 8 s and the IVT around 5 s. The driver has just engaged a
regulation procedure: she took her foot of the accelerator pedal and now presses on
the break (40%). The speed of the vehicle is still 80 km/h however. In View 4 , the
obstacle is around 30 m ahead and the left indicator is active, as the driver hopes to
be able overtake immediately after the passage of a vehicle coming the other way.