Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Keywords Clean combustion
HCCI
model-based control
efficiency
IC
engines
4.1 Motivation and Context
4.1.1 Societal Impact of Advanced Internal Combustion
Engine Methodologies
According to the 2006 Department of Energy (DOE) Annual Energy Outlook
[1] a
50% increase in transportation demand is expected by the year 2030
(Fig. 4.1). Because the vast majority of transportation fuels are hydrocarbons
(or have processing which require hydrocarbon combustion), the demand
increase corresponds to a
50% increase in the transportation-related release
of CO
2
, a global warming gas, into our atmosphere. Of added concern is the
United States' growing dependence on foreign sources of transportation fuels.
By 2030, the U.S. demand for transportation fuel is expected to exceed 26
million barrels per day, a 25% increase over the current demand (Fig. 4.2).
With domestic sources already flatlined at 10 million barrels per day, 60% of
our transportation fuel will come from foreign sources by 2030. There is a
solution. Through the incorporation of advanced internal combustion engines
(ICEs) on hybrid powertrains, aggressive reductions in fuel consumption and
emissions can be realized in a cost-effective approach. As an example of this
point, Heywood et al. [2] argue that aggressively pursued hybrid drivetrain
technologies will allow fuel consumption reduction to about 56% of what
is expected in 2020 as a result of normal evolution of vehicle technology.
Heywood et al. also argue that
2.0
Heavy trucks
Aircraft
Light-duty
1.5
1.0
0.5
History
Projections
0
1980
1995
2004
2015
2030
Fig. 4.1 Transportation travel demand by mode. index, 2004 =1
Source: DOE 2006 annual energy outlook [1]
