Graphics Reference
In-Depth Information
The use of wheels to assist in either pushing or pulling movements as in the
use of a wheelbarrow avoids such high levels of friction and greatly assists
pushing and pulling actions.
Some of these actions as well as specific examples are covered in much more
detail later in the chapter.
Figurative Interaction
Once figures begin to work in tandem with others and interact either directly
or indirectly with individuals or groups, the nature of the action alters. The
manner of these changes is determined by the nature of the interaction either
being spontaneous and unstructured or more planned and structured and
involving teamwork. The action is also determined by the shared task and
energy costs to the individual. Not all interactions are collaborative or shared
actions involving direct physical engagement. Collaborations may also be
at distance, as in sports activities, dance, or other choreographed teamwork
actions.
To better understand the nature of such interactions, consider their
categorizations:
• Momentary interactions: touching, shaking hands, mimicking
• Sustained interactions: shared labor, dance
• Sympathetic actions: musical performances
• Collaborative actions: rowing, sailing, lifting
• Opposing actions: martial arts, hitting and defensive action
Team actions: team sports
This categorization of actions does not provide a definitive list. It will be
evident to you that many of the actions you will study will fall under two or
more of these headings.
When movement is a shared task, whether as choreographed movement,
spontaneous actions, or simply a momentary collaboration, the action does
not necessarily mean that it is neutral in terms of energy costs. There may
clearly be a saving in energy in lifting an object as part of a team. However,
the nature of the interaction itself may have additional energy costs, as
evidenced in opposing actions that form an important part in sports.
Momentary interactions may be of an extremely dynamic nature, as in an
exchange of blows between two prizefighters or a very passive action such
as stroking a cat. As with other interactions, they will invariably affect both
parties, but it is likely that the action does not affect both parties equally.
Hitting will have a very different effect on an individual than being hit.
The act of sharing the load does not necessarily mean that the workload is
shared equally between the participants. The proportion of load each takes
will vary depending on the individuals involved and the nature of the object
being carried. Such a collaborative action is likely to be a dynamic activity; it
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