Graphics Reference
In-Depth Information
started or is at rest. For example, hyperextension in the arm is achieved
when the arm is held backward, out beyond the body.
•
Abduction
. Abduction describes a sideways movement along the sagit-
tal plane. An abduction movement of the limbs is a sideways movement
away from the body. The movement of fingers of the hand, if splayed
sideways, away from the middle or palm of the hand, also falls into this
classification of movement.
•
Adduction
. Adduction describes the movement that results in the return
action of a part of the body, a limb or the fingers of the hand, from a posi-
tion of abduction.
•
Lateral flexion.
. This refers to a sideways or lateral bending action from the
upright; this may be of the head at the neck or a bend in the trunk at the
waist.
•
Hyperabduction
. This term describes movements of the arm that extend
the arm beyond the vertical position, ending with the hand extended well
over the head.
•
Hyperadduction
. Although the relative position of the body and the arm
prevents a strictly hyperadduction type of movement, the movement
is possible with the inclusion of flexion (moving the arm forward slightly).
In this way the arms can move in front of the body.
•
Rotation left and right
. Rotations may be applied to the head and neck,
the torso, the pelvis, the legs, and the arms. The rotations of the legs and
arms are termed outward (
lateral
) rotations when the limb is twisted away
(a)
(b)
FIG 5.18
a and b: Outward and
inward rotation. c: Supination.
d: Pronation.
(c)
(d)
