Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
F
Appendix F
Physical and geophysical constants
Physical constants
Avogadro number,
N
(mol
−
1
)
6.022 137
×
10
23
Gas constant,
R
(J mol
−
1
K
−
1
)
8.314 51
Mean depth
(km)
Earth center
6371
Solid core
5150
Core-mantle boundary
2891
Upper mantle
660
Oceanic lithosphere
80
Oceanic crust
7.1
Continental crust
39
Ocean
3.77
Continental elevation
0.825
Surface areas
(m
2
)
Whole Earth
5.10
×
10
14
1.48
×
10
14
Land
Masses
(kg)
Whole Earth
5.9736
×
10
24
9.84
×
10
22
Inner core
1.841
×
10
24
Outer core
4.002
×
10
24
Mantle
2.940
×
10
24
Lower mantle
1.062
×
10
24
Upper mantle
2.97
×
10
22
Continental crust
1.40
×
10
21
Oceans
4.34
×
10
19
Polar ice and glaciers
5.1
×
10
18
Atmosphere
Mean densities
(kg m
−
3
)
Whole Earth
5526
Core
10 957
Lower mantle
4903
Upper mantle
3604
Fluxes
Oceanic crust at ridge crests (km
2
a
−
1
)
3.5
Rivers and run-off (kg a
−
1
)
10
16
×
3.6
Mechanical erosion (kg a
−
1
)
10
13
2.0
×
