Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Standard' and crossed this with 'Bud.
-
' to produce the very winter-
hardy 'Budagovsky
-
'. He also produced the winter-hardy 'Budagovsky
'. The Siberian apple,
Malus baccata
Borkh was the original source
of winter hardiness in the rootstock breeding programmes at the Michurin
Institute (Stepanov,
-
). The best known products of this programme are
the 'Budagovsky' ('Bud.' or 'B.') series.
Rootstock breeding in Poland was initiated at Skierniewice in
with the
objective of producing winter-hardy rootstocks, because the 'M.' and 'MM.'
series were not hardy enough for Polish conditions. The 'P.' series of rootstocks
were derived from 'M.
' crossed with the cold-tolerant 'Antonovka'. A second
series of crosses was started in the early
s using 'P.' series clones and
'M.
', 'B.
', 'M.
', 'MM.
', 'Robusta
' and 'Ottawa
' as parents (Zagaja,
).
In the United States the 'Michigan Apple Clone' ('MAC.') series originated
from open-pollinated seed collected in
from a planting of the 'Malling'
rootstocks, 'Alnarp
' (a winter-hardy Swedish rootstock) and 'Robusta
'
(selected in Canada from seedlings from seed collected in Siberia).
The 'Cornell-Geneva' ('CG.') rootstock series was developed at Geneva,
New York with selections starting in
from seedlings from open-pollinated
seed of the very dwarfing 'M.
' of the 'Malling' series and
'McIntosh' and 'Northern Spy' as likely parents (Cummins and Aldwinkle,
' with 'M.
'to'M.
). Most of these proved unacceptably susceptible to fire blight and a breed-
ing programme was developed to produce fire blight and
Phytophthora
root rot
resistant rootstocks by crossing 'Malling' and other rootstocks with sources
of resistance, e.g. 'M.
' with 'Beauty Crab'.
These crosses resulted in further 'CG.' and 'G.' rootstocks (Robinson
et al.
,
' with 'Robusta
' and 'M.
).
In Canada a breeding programme at Ottawa started in
and resulted
in the introduction of sixrootstocks in
. This 'OH.' series of rootstocks
included ones with cold-hardiness derived from 'Antonovka' and also involved
'Robusta
' and 'Osman' as parents. A series of winter-hardy clonal rootstocks,
the 'O' series 'Ottawa
' to 'Ottawa
', was produced from parents including
'M.
' crossed with 'Robin' crab and
M. baccata
to give cold hardiness.
Also in Canada the 'Kentville Stock Clone' ('KSC.') series of rootstocks were
selected from seedlings of 'Beautiful Arcade' which had survived wide mid-
winter changes in temperature (Ferree and Carlson,
' and 'M.
). The 'Vineland'
('V.') clonal rootstock series were produced at Vineland, Ontario by crossing
'M.
).
Some of the progeny have acceptable levels of resistance to woolly apple aphid
and to fire blight (Cummins and Aldwinkle,
'withthewinter-hardycrabapples'Dolgo'and'Kerr'(Hutchinson,
).
In Germany the Pillnitz rootstock breeding programme started by crossing
the 'EM.' rootstocks and by clonal selection within the progeny. It subsequently
