Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Use of broad spectrum fumigants such as chloropicrin ( Jackson,
),
methyl bromide and metam sodium (Smith,
) has proved to be very
effective in increasing early growth and yield on old apple land. Formalin
treatment may be equally effective, less expensive, easier to apply and effec-
tive at low temperatures (Sewell and White,
). These
methods are, however, being questioned on environmental grounds. Field
steaming as a method of heat treatment has been shown to be promis-
ing (Moyls
et al.
,
; Daemen,
). Fumigation or steaming are often best accom-
panied by P fertilization because of their negative effects on mycorrhizal
fungi.
Use of more vigorous rootstocks at a spacing more relevant to a dwarfing
rootstock is practised, but a vigorous rootstock checked by replant disease does
not have the beneficial effects of 'M.
' on precocity and fruit size. Some of the
AR rootstocks may both prove relatively tolerant and convey beneficial effects
on growth and cropping.
There is some evidence that biological control of the replant problem can
be achieved by application of strain EBW
of
Bacillus subtilis
(Utkhede and
Smith,
b) and that mixing some organic substrates in the planting hole
may give very beneficial results (Szczygiel and Zepp,
). The latter effect
may in part result from modifications of the soil microflora.
References
Adams, A.N. (
a). Apple chat fruit disease. In
European Handbook of Plant
Diseases
, ed. I.M. Smith, J. Dunez, D.H. Phillips, R.A. Lelliot and S.A. Archer,
p.
. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Adams, A.N. (
b). Apple rubbery wood disease. In
European Handbook of Plant
Diseases
, ed. I.M. Smith, J. Dunez, D.H. Phillips, R.A. Lelliot and S.A. Archer,
pp.
. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Aldwinkle, H.S. and Beer, S.V. (). Fire blight and its control.
Horticultural
Reviews
, - .
Alston, F.H. ( ). Varietal response to
Gloeosporium perennans
in the apple.
Report
of the East Malling Research Station for
, -.
Anon. (a). Codling moth. In
Crop Pests in the U.K.
, ed. M. Gratwick,
pp. -. London: Chapman and Hall.
Anon. (b). Apple and pear suckers. In
Crop Pests in the U.K.,
ed. M. Gratwick,
pp. -. London: Chapman and Hall.
Anon. (c). Fruit tree red spider mite. In
Crop Pests in the U.K.
, ed. M.
Gratwick, pp. - . London: Chapman and Hall.
Avery, D.J. ( ). Carbon dioxide exchange by plum and apple leaves damaged
by fruit tree red spider mite.
Report of the East Malling Research Station for
,
-.
Avery, D.J. and Briggs, J.B. ( ). The aetiology and development of damage in
young fruit trees infested with fruit tree red spider mite,
Panonychus ulmi
(Koch).
Annals of Applied Biology
, -.
-
