Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
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[178
Figure 13.7
Distribution of sensible heat to latent heat index illustrating soil moisture condi-
tio
ns for western Poland (Wielkopolska region). A darker tone indicates higher soil moisture
co
ndition.
Line
——
3.9
——
Norm
PgEn
w
hich is characterized by the lowest rainfall and the highest potential
ev
apotranspiration in the country. Measures for drought mitigation can be
gr
ouped into direct and indirect methods. Direct methods are applied while
dr
ought is in effect and include various forms of irrigation (e.g., sprinkler,
m
icroirrigation) suitable for soils with 25-35 cm of humus layer. These
m
ethods are used for vegetable and potato crops and apple orchards. How-
ev
er, subsoil irrigation is usually applied in the case of grasslands that grow
m
ainly in river valleys on organic and peat soils.
Indirect methods are preventive measures such as (1) the use of drought-
re
sistant varieties of crops; (2) rotation of crops with less number of crop
sp
ecies in annual rotation (only one main crop instead of three crops per
ye
ar); (3) preference for planting cereals on farms susceptible to drought;
(4
) application of cultivation methods and fertilizers so as to accelerate crop
de
velopment and maturity in order to shift the critical phase of plant devel-
op
ment to the period endowed with higher availability of soil moisture; (5)
ha
rrowing and shallow plowing after harvest to minimize moisture loss; (6)
de
ep tillage before winter to increase soil roughness; (7) raising hedgerows
an
d tree stripes at field boundaries to help preserve winter snowfalls and
li
mit evapotranspiration; and (8) using sluice gates to prevent or reduce
w
ater outflow from fields.
[178
Po
tential Drought Research Needs
Current state of drought monitoring in Poland requires further research to
improve both traditional and remote sensing-based methods. More prof-
itable drought-resistant crop varieties need to be developed for drought-
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