Information Technology Reference
In-Depth Information
Figure 8.1
Early four-node ARPA Network, circa 1969.
network components had been removed from ARPANET and transferred
to the separate but also IP-based MILNET.
The 1980s provided the introduction of the Domain Name Service
(DNS), allowing human-readable computer names to be resolved auto-
matically to routable numeric IPv4 addresses. Availability of personal
computers and dial-up modems saw the development of bulletin board
services, creating pools of communication between private citizens
instead of only between governmental and educational sites. During this
same time, the National Science Foundation created the NSFNET to link
multiple countries throughout North and Central America, Australia,
and Europe.
The early 1990s produced services designed to search and access
resources across multiple remote computer systems, including the WAIS
and Gopher services. Meanwhile, MIT professor Sir Timothy Berners-Lee
established interconnections between systems using the new HyperText
Transport Protocol (HTTP) and established what he called the “World
Wide Web.” Researchers at the U.S. National Center for Supercomputing
