Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 7.1
(
Continued
)
Clinical
Typical Method of
Typical
Typical Current
Application
Current Delivery
Waveform
or Voltage
Deep brain
Thin electrode implanted deep
60- to 450-
µ
s charge-balanced
0.1 to 10.5 V peak
stimulation (DBS)
into parts of the brain that are
capacitor-discharge pulses
involved in control of movement;
delivered at 2 to 185 Hz; burst
electrode impedance 600
Ω
to 2 k
Ω
on/o
ff
times depend on patient
needs
Gastric pacing
Implanted electrodes stitched to the
Monophasic or biphasic pulses
0.1 to 12 V peak
stomach muscle wall of the antrum
210
µ
s in duration delivered
10 cm proximal to the pylorus;
at 30 to 80 Hz
electrode impedance 200
Ω
to
1k
Ω
Restoration of lost
Implanted electrode array in contact
Balanced biphasic current pulse
10 to 600
µ
A with 6-V
sight
with retina; typical electrode
100
µ
s to 5 ms in duration;
compliance
impedance 1 to 10 k
Ω
repetition rate 60 to 500 Hz
Implanted electrode array in contact
Balanced biphasic current pulse
1 to 60
µ
A with 6-V
with brain's visual cortex; typical
100
µ
s to 2 ms in duration;
compliance
electrode impedance 10 to
repetition rate 10 to 250 Hz
100 k
Ω
Cochlear stimulation
Implanted electrode array in contact
Balanced biphasic current
30
µ
A to 2 mA with 12-V
with cochlea; typical electrode
pulse 20
µ
s to 1.2 ms in
compliance
impedance 1 to 10 k
Ω
duration; repetition rate up
to 2 kHz
Functional
Implanted electrodes in contact with
Balanced biphasic current
1 to 10 mA with 20-V
neuromuscular
muscle; electrode impedance
pulse 25 to 500 ms in
compliance
stimulation (FNS)
200
Ω
to 2 k
Ω
duration; repetition rate up
to 100 Hz
Gelled skin-surface electrodes placed
1-ms pulse (typically around
10 to 150 mA with
over target muscle
300
µ
s) with a frequency
150-V compliance
100 Hz (due to the absolute
refractory period of normal
muscle)
Biphasic 10- to 15-ms waveforms
10 Hz for denervated muscle
Electrical muscle
Gelled skin-surface electrodes
1-ms pulse (typically around
10 to 150 mA with
stimulation (EMS)
placed over target muscles
300
µ
s) with a frequency of
150-V compliance
100 Hz (due to the absolute
refractory period of normal
muscle)
Biphasic 10- to 15-ms waveforms
10 Hz for denervated muscle
Interferential mode:
at least two
Sinusoidal current; one channel at a
0 to 100 mA RMS with
pairs of skin surface electrodes
frequency of 4 kHz, second
150-V
p-p
compliance
delivering high-frequency signals
channel at 4 kHz
selectable
that interfere at the target muscles;
beat frequency
gelled skin-surface electrodes
with impedance 100
Ω
to 1.5 k
Ω
at 4 kHz
Electroconvulsive
Gelled skin-surface electrodes applied
10-s burst of 0.25-ms pulses
Up to 1 A with 2.5-kV
therapy (ECT)
to the forehead; impedance 250
Ω
delivered at 10 to 100 Hz
voltage compliance
to 1.5 k
Ω
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