References - Biomass Gasification, Pyrolysis and Torrefaction - page 511

Simpson, W., Tenwolde, A., 1999. Physical properties and moisture relations of wood. In: Wood
Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material. Madison, WI: USDA Forest Service, Forest
Products Laboratory, 1999. General technical report FPL, pp. 3 17.
Sinag, A., Kruse, A., Rathert, J., 2004. Influence of the heating rate and the type of catalyst on
the formation of key intermediates and on the generation of gases during hydropyrolysis
of glucose in supercritical water in a batch reactor. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 43, 502 508.
Sit, S.P., Grace, J.R., 1978. Interphase mass transfer in an aggregative fluidized bed. Chem. Eng.
Sci. 33 (8), 1115 1122.
Sjostrom, E., 1993. Wood Chemistry. Fundamentals and Applications, second ed. Academic
press, San Diego, CA, p. 292.
Smith, E.B., 2005. Basic Chemical Thermodynamics. Imperial College Press, pp. 49

57.
Smoot, L.D., Smith, P.J., 1985. Coal combustion and gasification (The Plenum Chemical
Engineering Series), pp. 88 89.

Soltes, E.J., Elder, T.J., 1981. Pyrolysis. In: Goldstein, I.S. (Ed.), Organic Chemicals from
Biomass. CRC Press.
Souza-Santos, M.L.D., 2004. Solid Fuels Combustion and Gasification. CRC Press.
Spath, P.L., Dayton, D.C., 2003. Preliminary screening technical and economic assessment of
synthesis gas to fuels and chemicals with emphasis on the potential for biomass-derived syn-
gas, Chapter 7, Technical Report of National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/TP-510-
34929, pp. 90 110.
Stanmore, B.R., Gilot, P., 2005. Review—calcination and carbonation of limestone during ther-
mal cycling for CO 2 sequestration. Fuel Proc. Technol. 86, 1707 1743.
Stelt, M.J.C., Gerhauser, H., Kiel, J.H.A., Ptasinski, K.J., 2011. Biomass upgrading by torrefac-
tion for the production of biofuels: a review. Biomass Bioenergy 35, 3748 3762.
Stevens, D.J., 2001. Hot gas conditioning: recent progress with larger scale biomass gasification
systems. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Report NREL/SR-510-29952.
Steynberg, A.P., 2004. Introduction to Fischer Tropsch technology. In: Steynberg, A., Dry, M.
(Eds.), Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis 152. Elsevier B.V., pp. 1 62. (Chapter 1).
St ˚ hl, K., Neergaard, M., Nieminen, J., 2001. Final report: V ¨ rnamo demonstration programme.
In: Bridgwater, A.V. (Ed.), Progress in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion. Blackwell,
pp. 549 563.
Stiegel, G.J., 2005. Overview of Gasification Technologies. In: Global Energy and Energy
Project (GCEP) Advanced Coal Workshop, March 15 16, Provo, Utah, USA.
Sudo, S., Takahasi, F., Takeuchi, M., 1989. Chemical properties of biomass. In: Kitani, O., Hall, C.
W. (Eds.), Biomass Handbook. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, p. 899. (Chapter 5.3).
Suleiman, B.M., Larfeldt, J., Leckner, B., Gustavsson, M., 1999. Thermal conductivity and
diffusivity of wood. Wood Sci. Technol. 33, 465.
Sun, H., Song, B., Yang, Y., Kim, S., Li, H., Cheng, J., 2007. The characteristics of steam
gasification of biomass and water filter carbon. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 24 (2), 341 346.

Susanto, H., Beenackers, A.A.C.M., 1996. Moving bed gasifier with internal recycle of pyrolysis
gas. Fuel 75 (11), 1339 1347.
Susawa, K., 1989. In: Kitani, O., Hall, C.,.W. (Eds.), Biomass Handbook. Gordon and Breach
Science Publications, New York, NY, p. 498. (Chapter 2.6.4).
Sutton, D., Kelleher, B., Ross, J.R.H., 2001. Review of literature on catalysts for biomass
gasification. Fuel Process. Technol. 73 (3), 155 173.
Syred, N., Kurniawan, K., Griffith, T., Gralton, T., Ray, R., 2007. Development of fragmentation
models for solid fuel combustion and gasification as subroutines for inclusion in CFD codes.
Fuel 86 (14), 2221 2231.