Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 11.3
Comparison of Physical and Chemical Properties of Bio-Oil
and Three Liquid Fuels
a
Property
Bio-Oil
Heating Oil Gasoline
Diesel
44
b
Heating value (MJ/kg)
18
20
45.5
42
Density at 15
C (kg/m
3
) 1200
737
b
950
b
865
820
Flash point (
C)
40
b
42
b
48
55
38
Pour point (
C)
29
c
15
6
60
2
2
2
2
Viscosity at 40
C (cP)
0.44
d
2.4
d
40
100 (25%
water)
d
1.8
3.4 per
0.37
cSt
pH
2.0
3.0
Solids (% wt)
e
0.2
1.0
0
0
Elemental Analysis (% wt)
Carbon
87.4
f
42
47
86.4
84.9
12.1
f
Hydrogen
6.0
8.0
12.7
14.76
392 ppm
f
Nitrogen
0.1
0.006
0.08
,
1.39
f
Sulfur
0.02
0.2
0.7
,
Oxygen
46
51
0.04
Ash
0.02
0.01
,
,
a
Except as indicated, all values are excerpted from
www.dynamotive.com
.
b
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com
.
c
Maples (2000).
d
Bridgwater et al. (2001), p. 990.
e
Mohan et al. (2006).
f
Hughey and Henerickson (2001).
cP, centipoise; cSt, centistokes. Values for gasoline and diesel are for a representative sample and
can vary.
alternative in many applications where petro-oil is used. Bio-oil is mainly
used not only as an energy source but also as a feedstock for the production
of “green chemicals.”
11.3.3.1 Energy Production
Bio-oil may be fired in boilers and furnaces as a substitute for furnace oil.
This could allow a rapid and easy switchover from fossil fuels to biofuels,
as it does not call for complete replacement or any major renovation of the
firing system as would be needed if raw biomass were to be fired in a fur-
nace or boiler designed for furnace oil. The combustion performance of a
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