Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
W
g
5
1.99 kg/s
W
v
5
0.17 kg/s
W
vl
5
0.119 kg/s
W
0
g
5
2
:
27 kg
=
s
Excess air coefficient,
1.2.
Fraction of generated volatile, VL
fr
0
5
α
5
1
0.2
1
5
W
vl
W
0
g
5
0
:
119
0
:
052
28
5
2
:
The parameters K and P are calculated as:
5
½ðð
A
=
F
ÞαÞ
C
air
T
0
1
LHV
η
1
C
oil
T
0
W
0
g
C
g
T
g0
1
K
W
vl
LHV
vl
η
5
ð
14
:
6
1
:
2
1
:
006
20
45500
0
:
95
1
:
7
20
Þ
3
3
3
1
3
1
3
105
:
1
5
ð
2
:
27
3
1
:
13
3
105
1
0
:
119
3
1286
3
0
:
95
Þ
5
½ðð
A
=
F
ÞαÞ
1
1
5
ð
14
:
6
1
:
2
1
Þ
3
1
P
8
:
16
5
W
0
g
2
:
27
1
1
:
98
1
:
13
400
3
W
oil
5
1
0
:
0077 kg
=
s
95
2
5
ð
104
:
9
8
:
13
Þ
2
:
27
1
:
13
105
0
:
079
1286
0
:
2
3
1
3
3
Equation (A.4)
gives the fraction of flue gas recirculated back into the
torrefier:
5
ð
W
g
2
W
oil
:ððð
A
=
F
ÞαÞ
1
1
Þ
W
0
g
5
½
1
:
99
0
:
0077
ð
14
:
6
1
:
2
1
Þ
2
3
1
X
0
:
81
5
2
:
27
Percentage of gas recirculation
81%
5
SYMBOLS AND NOMENCLATURE
ASH ash fraction in raw or as-received biomass (
)
reactor cross-sectional area (m
2
)
A
r
Bi
S)
C
pd
specific heat of dried biomass (kJ/kg C)
C
pw
specific heat of wet or as-received biomass (kJ/kg C)
C
pg
mean specific heat of flue gas (kJ/kg C)
EV energy density on volume basis (kJ/m
3
)
EY energy yield (
)
HHV higher heating value on mass basis (kJ/kg)
h
biomass particle to heating medium (gas) heat transfer coefficient (kJ/kg C)
h
u
heat utilization efficiency (
)
K
kinetic rate of torrefaction (s
2
1
)
L
latent heat of vaporization of water (kJ/kg)
LHV lower heating value on mass basis (kJ/kg)
MY
Biot number (hV/
λ
mass yield (
)
M
moisture fraction in raw or as-received biomass (
)
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