Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 22.1 (continued)
The Role of Interleukins
Interleukin
Secreting Cells
Action
IL-8
Macrophages and
endothelial cells
IL-8 is “sticky” for T cells and neutrophils and helps to bring them to
the site of an inl ammation.
IL-9
Induces growth in Helper T cells.
IL-10
T cells, B cells, monocytes,
and macrophages
Acts to inhibit some aspects of the immune system while stimulating
others. It represses the production of other cytokines within the
immune system, especially INF-γ, TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6. It inhibits
antigen presentation but activates B cells.
IL-11
Causes plasmacytoma cells to proliferate.
IL-12
Macrophages and DCs
Causes T cells and NK cells to proliferate. Promotes Th17 lineage.
IL-13
T cells
Promotes B cell differentiation but inhibits inl ammatory cytokine
production.
IL-14
DCs and T cells
Enhances memory B cell production and proliferation.
IL-15
Monocytes and macrophages
Enhances T cell proliferation in the blood and NK cell activation.
IL-16
T cells
Acts as a chemo attractant and adhesion molecule and activator for
T cells. Plays a part in both asthma and autoimmune diseases.
IL-17
T cells
Activates neutrophils.
IL-18
Leukocytes and nonleukocytes
Stimulates the release of Th1 cytokines.
IL-19
Monocytes
May be involved in regulation of proinl ammatory cytokines.
IL-20
Unknown
May regulate inl ammation in the skin.
IL-21
Activated T cells
Stimulates the proliferation of activated T cells.
IL22
T cells and mast cells
Production of acute phase proteins, increases the number of basophils
and platelets.
IL-23
Activated DCs
Acts on memory CD4 + T cells to support their differentiation. IL-23
sustains differentiated Th17 cells.
IL-24
T cells
Can promote induction of apoptosis in cancer cells.
IL-25
Not known
Cytokine production.
IL-26
Activated memory T cells
May act as autocrine growth factor.
IL-27
Activated monocytes,
macrophages, and DCs
Expression of IL12RRE2 making T cells responsive to IL-12.
IL-28,29
Various cells
Induce an antiviral state in infected cells.
IL-1Ra, an antagonist of the IL-1 receptor, is a natural inhibitor of IL-1, a proinl ammatory cytokine
that is involved in inl ammation and joint destruction. It has been shown that mice dei cient
in IL-1Ra develop a type of inl ammatory joint disease similar to RA. In the animal arthritis models,
IL-1Ra improves the clinical symptoms and slows bone and joint destruction. Anakinra (Kineret ® )
is a recombinant nonglycosylated IL-1Ra. It is administered subcutaneously in combination with
methotrexate. This product received regulatory approval for the treatment of active RA insufi -
ciently controlled by methotrexate.
ILs with antitumor activity includes IL-2 (Figure 22.10). IL-2 is frequently used to treat kidney cancer
and melanoma. IL-2 is the major growth and differentiation factor of immunocompetent killer cells,
including the CTLs, NK cells, and monocytes. In metastatic renal cell cancer and melanoma, IL-2-based
treatments have induced therapeutic responses. Efi cacy of IL-2 as a single agent has been reported in
15%-25% of cases in these diseases and could possibly be increased by the addition of other agents such
as IFN or chemotherapy. There are many side effects associated with IL-2 treatment; a serious, but very
uncommon side effect of IL-2 in high doses is “capillary leak syndrome.” Capillary leak syndrome is a
potentially serious disease in which l uids within the vascular system (veins and capillaries) leak into the
tissue outside the bloodstream. Due to the serious side effects, low dose IL-2 treatment is now applied.
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