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tor unit for point additions incurs more overhead than point doublings in Weierstrass
systems. This is also an expected result since point addition operations are more
complex than point doubling operations.
On the other hand, the balanced normal form of the Edwards formulation provides
simpler predictor designs with less overhead compared to the Weierstrass systems.
In other words, the Edwards formulation is more appropriate for the nonlinear error
detection technique that is proposed in this paper. The secure unified point addition
in affine coordinates require an overhead of 114 %, while in projective coordinates,
the overhead ratio is 117 %.
11.9 Conclusion
Application of nonlinear error detection codes is one of the most effective solutions to
active fault injection attacks. In this chapter, we provided a comprehensive analysis of
nonlinear codes by investigating various constructions and their applications. More
specifically, we discussed protection of the AES data path, FSMs, and ECC using
nonlinear robust codes.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to express their thanks to Dr. Deniz Karakoyunlu for
his support and valuable discussions during the development of Sect. 11.8 .
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