Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Fig. 1 Physiological loading of a patient or subject in a dynamic environment, from the organ
length scale (a) in vivo and (b) ex vivo, tissue length scale (c) for cortical bone within the
periosteum (d), and cellular length scale (pericellular, lacunocanalicular fluid space, (e) Adapted
from [ 24 ]. b Ex vivo experimental set up for compressive loading of the femur to mimic stance
shift in the first 2 weeks after one stage bone transport surgery. d Example of high-definition
optical strain mapping for periosteum surrounding a critical sized defect which is exposed ex vivo
to mechanical loads mimicking stance shift after surgery (b). Adapted from [ 24 , 33 ], used with
permission
CFD models allow for study of flow induced forces at multiple length and time
scales. Given the importance of the fluid environment for all cells of the body, this
chapter emphasizes aspects of CFD for engineering and manufacture of tissues,
using bone and treatment of bone defects as a case study.
2 Tissue Engineering Scaffold for Treatment of Critical Sized
Bone Defects
Critical sized defects (CSDs) in bone are defined as the smallest defects that cannot
heal spontaneously during the lifetime of a patient or study subject. Such critical
sized defects are commonly caused after trauma, neurosurgical interventions, and
reconstructive surgery of congenital abnormality, cancer, and infections. The
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