Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Figure 13.3
View of
PillCam
TM
ESO and
PillCam
TM
SB capsules. The main difference lies
in the setting of cameras.
equipped with
RAPID
TM
software. It may take 30 minutes to 2 hours to evaluate
the video, which mainly depends on the experience of the reader (Cave 2004, 2006).
In 2002, Given Imaging introduced
M
2
A
TM
PLUS featuring a localization
system (Jacob
et al.
2002), which allows physicians to locate small intestine diseases
with increased precision. This function is achieved by a triangulation process of
the signal strength received by three adjacent sensors. The accuracy is about
±
3 cm (Swain 2003).
The capsule endoscope was initially designed to diagnose disorders of the
small intestine, such as Crohn's disease, Celiac disease, benign and cancerous
tumors, ulcerative colitis, and etc. In 2004, the capsule was renamed to
PillCam
TM
and the company started to release capsules to examine other parts of GI tract.
PillCam
TM
SB was addressed specifically for small intestine video capsule.
In May 2007,
PillCam
TM
SB 2 was cleared for marketing by FDA. The new
capsule is the same size as the previous version with superior performances, which
include doubling the frame rate from two to four images per second, enlarging the
view angle from 140
◦
to 156
◦
, incorporating a three-lens system and automatic
light control, and increasing the capsule's operational time from eight to nine
hours. Clinical studies showed that the overall image quality of
PillCam
TM
SB
2 was significantly superior, yet it did not produce a statistically greater diagnostic
yield than the former version (Metzger
et al.
2009).
13.2.1.2
PillCam
TM
ESO
The
PillCam
TM
ESO video capsule is quipped with two miniature cameras on both
ends. It is designed to view the inner lining of the esophagus for diagnosis of the
disorders such as esophageal varices, esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus. The
capsule measures 11mm
26mm and weighs less than 4
g
. It was approved
by FDA in 2004.
Fig. 13.3
shows a comparison of outward appearance between
PillCam
TM
SB and
PillCam
TM
ESO.
No fasting or sedation is required prior to the endoscopy procedure. The
patient swallows the capsule in a supine position, followed by two minutes at a
30
◦
angle, another two minutes at a 60
◦
angle, and the last two minutes at fully
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