Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
currently being used, and the use of nanomaterials. Table 6.1
summarizes different cathode and anode materials used in lithium-
ion batteries.
Table 6.1
Summary of cathode and anode materials used for different
types of lithium-ion batteries (all reproduced with permission from [14],
copyright 2008, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA).
Types
Cathodes
Anodes
High energy
LiNi
Co
M
O
(layered) [a]
Si, Sn, Sb
x
y
1
-
x
-
y
2
LiMn
M
O
(spinel) [b]
MO
[d]
2
-
x
x
4
x
MF
[c]
graphite
x
High power
LiMn
Al
O
(spinel)
hard carbon
2
-
x
x
4
+
δ
LiNi
Co
Mn
O
2
graphite
x
1
-
2
x
x
LiFePO
4
(olivine)
Li
Ti
O
4
5
12
Long cycle life
LiFePO
4
(olivine)
Li
Ti
O
4
5
12
LiMn
Al
O
graphite
2
-
x
x
4 +
δ
[a] M = Mn, Al, and Cr; [b] 5 V systems, M = Ni, Cu, and Cr;
[c] M = Cu, Ni, and Fe. [d] M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, Mn, Cu, and Sn.
6.2 ANODE MATERIALS
In the lithium batteries proposed by Whittingham [15], the
cathode was made of titanium(II) sulfide (TiS), whereas lithium
metal was taken as the corresponding anode. However, the use
of metallic lithium as anode suffered from severe safety issues;
therefore, in the design of lithium-ion batteries, the anode has
been successively made of alloys, oxides, chalcogenides and
carbonaceous materials [16]. In 1981, researchers at Bell Labs found
graphite, which has a theoretical capacity of 372 mAh g
, could
be used as the anode material in lithium-ion batteries [17], thus
laying the foundation for the large-scale industrialized production
and application of lithium-ion batteries. After that, graphite and
graphitized materials (such as graphitized mesophase microbeads)
were widely used in the manufacture of lithium-ion batteries and
remained ever since [18].
-
1
Currently,
the
research on new anode
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