Biomedical Engineering Reference
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and manufacturing costs of the commercial batteries still require
further improvement.
A potential solution to overcome these problems is to fabricate,
design, and shape nanostructured electrode materials that provide
high surface area and short diffusion paths for ionic transport and
electronic conduction. One-dimensional (1D) nanowires, nanorods
or nanotubes, two-dimensional (2D) layered nanostructures, and
tree-dimensional (3D) nanomateriales have attracted lot of attention
because of their distinctive properties and potential application
[2, 3]. The main objective of nanoscale science and technology has
been to synthesize nanomaterials with controlled size and shape, as
well as search for new properties that are not realized in microscale
morphologies [4]. Research is needed to develop nanoscale materials
by design, self-assembly for functionality; nanoscale materials
characterization and metrology; and properties of materials at
nanoscale. New research directions need to be addressed in addition
to current research efforts going on in many industries, universities
and government research centers and laboratories. First,
heterogeneous processes need integration, such as the combination
of hierarchical directed assembly techniques with other processing
techniques. The second is nanoscale metrology tools, such as in-line
or
monitoring and feedback. The third is high-throughput
hierarchical directed assembly; the fourth is nanoscale components
and interconnect reliability. The fifth is nanoscale defect mitigation
and removal and defect-tolerant materials, structures, and processes,
e.g., self-healing. The sixth is probabilistic design for manufacturing
that addresses variability and noise at the atomic scale.
in situ
5.2 ECONOMIC AND SCIENTIFIC CONTEXT OF
BATTERY TECHNOLOGY OVER THE WORLD
The world battery market is estimated at over $70 billion with
a continuous growth at 4.8% annually through 2012 (www.
freedoniagroup.com). Non-lead-acid secondary battery demand will
surpass primary and lead-acid secondary batteries. The demand
will be headed by Asian countries, Poland, Brazil, and Russia, while
markets in the industrialized countries will grow slowly. China is
estimated to record the largest growth, with a demand for primary
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