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ISRAELI NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS
Dan Shechtman (Chemistry, 2011) won the prize for his discovery of quasicrystals
with mathematical non-repeating patterns.
Ada Yonath (Chemistry, 2009) received the prize for her studies on the structure
and function of ribosomes (which make proteins from amino acids in cells).
Robert Aumann (Economics, 2005) received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Eco-
nomics for his work on confl ict and cooperation through game-theory analysis.
Aaron Ciechanover and Avram Hershko (Chemistry, 2004) discovered ubiquitin-
mediated protein degradation, associated with the potential treatment of sev-
eral diseases, including cancer, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's.
Daniel Kahneman (Economics, 2002), a research psychologist, won the prize in
economics for his work in prospect theory (describing decisions between alter-
natives with uncertain outcomes).
Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres (Peace, 1994) won the prize when Rabin was
prime minister and Peres was foreign minister for their diplomacy resulting in
the Oslo Accords.
Menahem Begin (Peace, 1978) was prime minister when he and Egyptian Presi-
dent Anwar al-Sadat won the prize for achieving the Camp David peace agree-
ment between Egypt and Israel.
Shmuel Yosef Agnon (Literature, 1966), a novelist, wrote about Jewish life in Eu-
rope and Israel, developing his own style of Hebrew that drew on both Biblical
and modern usage.
or suits and ties. They usually did not enter politics or attain leading positions, but they did
form a solid middle class.
Over time, the governing establishment was challenged by the next generation. These
native-born Israelis were far more often the product of secular backgrounds, and a dispropor-
tionately large number grew up on kibbutzim. Their formative experience was often military
since they came of age during World War II and the War of Independence. Such people —
examples include Yitzhak Rabin and Moshe Dayan — embodied the Sabra character that the
founders had tried to instill. They dominated the army from its beginning and the political
scene from the 1970s on.
 
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