Invited Paper - Simulation and Modeling Methodologies, Technologies and Application - page 4

market. In addition, statistical information is produced that can be used to bound the
results and produce better low-energy routing algorithms.
In the simulation planning phase representative scenarios are defined that can be
used to develop extensible meta-models (see Fig. 1). The scenarios must be defined
using the kinds of data that are typically found in vehicle route guidance systems so
they will be useful in the car.
Fig. 1. Process flow for estimation of energy consumption based on integration of traffic and
propulsion simulation
The scenarios are then coded into a traffic simulation code and tested under a va-
riety of conditions that include road type, weather, traffic, gradient and vehicle para-
meters. The output of the traffic simulation is a set of drive cycles which are a time
series of distance travelled, velocity, acceleration, lane changes.
Drive cycles are then converted into estimated energy consumption for each
sample vehicle driving through a scenario. This can be done using a meta-model for
energy consumption for the vehicle. In our project this meta-model was a set of ener-
gy maps, each map for a different cargo load on the vehicle. The maps were devel-
oped using regression analysis of surrogate data from propulsion modeling and