The Evolution of Development Theory and Tourism - Tourism and Development: Concepts and Issues - page 71

operations with the principles of human rights, labour, environment and anti-
corruption as well as supporting the UN Millennium Development Goals.
The UNWTO, along with the UN Global Compact, launched TOURpact.
GC, which aligns the principles of the Global Compact with the UNWTO's
Global Code of Ethics for Tourism. Another example is the creation of Type
II partnerships that evolved out of the 2002 Johannesburg (Rio 10) summit

which are partnerships between governments and non-state actors that
favour a multi-stakeholder approach as opposed to a top-down state-centred
approach preferred from the 1992 Rio Summit. One of the Pacific Partnerships
launched in 2002 was focused on sustainable tourism development for the
Pacific (UNESCAP, 2011). In addition, the Global Sustainable Tourism Council
was formed in 2010 with the focus of its work being on creating the Global
Sustainable Tourism Criteria. Knutsson (2009) also notes the re-emergence of
the state as is evident in the Third Way ideology in Europe and this has been
examined in the context of tourism, where Burns (2004) proposed incorporat-
ing the Third Way into tourism planning in the developing world as a way to
resolve social issues that are largely neglected by master planning approaches.
Knutsson (2009) raises the issue that no one actor can be the guarantor of
development and so actors have to work together to facilitate development.
A key issue of global importance is climate change and the latest Inter-
governmental Panel on Climate Change report released in 2014 states that
human influence on the climate system is clear, which is evident by 'increas-
ing greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing,
observed warming and understanding of the climate system'. Scott et al.
(2012b: i) state that 'climate change is already affecting the tourism industry
and is anticipated to have profound implications for tourism in the 21st cen-
tury, including consumer holiday choices, the geographical patterns of tour-
ism demand, the competitiveness and sustainability of destinations and the
contribution of tourism to international development' (see Chapter 1). Tourism
Concern has a campaign to encourage tourists to fly less as well as switching
to other forms of transport. It is clear that global cooperation is going to be
required to address climate change. The UNWTO, the UN Environment
Programme and the World Meteorological Organisation led the formation of
the 2007 Davos Declaration on Climate Change and Tourism - Responding to
Global Challenges . This is an example of global cooperation calling for action
on climate change among governments, international organisations, the
tourism industry and destinations, consumers and research and communica-
tions networks.

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Conclusion

This chapter has examined seven main development paradigms, or
schools of thought, which have evolved since World War II and explored