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macro cultures' and this, in turn, requires reasonably symmetrical power
bases for regionally based civilisations. To bridge the gap between regions
and to horizontalise the structure of world order, transnational and inter-
regional institutions are needed (Hettne, 2009). State functions may become
'unbundled through the emergence of supranational protective and interven-
tionist structures strengthening the societal dimensions of world order and
increasing the quality of international relations' and this will necessitate
multi-level global governance (Hettne, 2009). Global development will be
pluralistic and have a core value of justice, which means there is the need for
dramatic expansion of global consciousness (Hettne, 2009). The current
world order crisis illustrates the need for financial regulation, a global social
policy and global environmental (climate) policy (Hettne, 2009). Hettne
(2009) also calls for the development of global social theory (taking into
account the societal experience from around the world) along with global
studies as a possible way forward for development studies in the future. With
the next world order being multipolar, Hettne (2010b) raises the question of
what will be the nature of these emerging poles and whose interests will be
pursued, which in turn raises the question of global ethics. Noting the com-
plexity of ethics and different points of view on the subject, he states that
the Eurocentric view typical of the 18th century is not compatible with the
post-Westphalian world in which ethics must be post-national, culturally
pluralist as well as ecologically conscious (Hettne, 2010b). He notes these
differences as a call for an interdisciplinary analysis of societal challenges
that constitute an ethical transformation already underway that will facili-
tate the transformation of global awareness. In the end, Hettne (2010b: 5)
states 'global ethics is not a particular kind of ethics but globalised ethic,
which means confrontation, coexistence, and possible convergence of differ-
ent values systems, as some values undoubtedly have and inherent universal
quality'.
The EU and the UN Millennium Development Goals are presented as
examples of cooperation and various scenarios for future types of global gov-
ernance are provided in global development, but a detailed account of these
is beyond the scope of this chapter. The perspective needs to change from
society as contained in the nation-state to society which is an emerging
transnational phenomenon (Hettne, 2009). Hettne's call for global develop-
ment is also echoed in part in the 2013 UNDP Human Development Report.
Here, there are appeals for new institutions to facilitate regional integration
and south-south cooperation as well as a call for a critical look at global
governance institutions and a new era for partnership. The world is changing
as we are seeing the 'rise of the rest' with improvements in many developing
countries, such as the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa),
challenging conceptions or myths of what is a developing country (Rosling,
2013). Nevertheless, Rosling (2013) still acknowledges the wide gap that does
exist in many parts of the developing world and, for that matter, there are
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