The Evolution of Development Theory and Tourism - Tourism and Development: Concepts and Issues - page 44

doomed to under-development due to its linkages with the centre, it was
necessary for a developing nation to 'disassociate itself from the world
market, to break the chains of surplus extraction and to strive for national
self reliance' (Hettne, 1995: 97).
Similar to modernisation, dependency has roots in a variety of different
perspectives and approaches, a few of which are outlined in more detail
below. The dependency school emerged from the convergence of two major
intellectual trends. The first of these has its roots in Latin American struc-
turalism, which led to the formation of the Economic Commission for Latin
America (ECLA) led by Prebisch (Cardoso, 1979; Hettne, 1995), whilst the
second has roots in Marxism, including classical Marxism, Marxism-
Leninism and neo-Marxism. While some of the approaches related to depen-
dency have been criticised for being vague on policy recommendations (So,
1990), the ECLA developed a series of domestic industrialisation policies
based in the context of self-reliance. Theoretically, the ECLA believed that
only 'central' nations benefited from trade whereas 'peripheral' nations suf-
fered. The ECLA's development strategy included domestic industrialisation,
protectionism, and import substitution. Ideologically, the approach of the
ECLA constituted a form of economic nationalism (Hettne, 1995). With its
focus on domestic industrialisation and self-reliance, this chapter will later
return to the structural approach in examining tourism development.
The work of the broad-based school of neo-Marxists has been referred to
at various times as dependency theory, world systems theory and under-
development theory (Harrison, 1998). Neo-Marxism reflects a transformation
of Marxist thinking from the traditional approach, focusing on the concept
of development with a Eurocentric view, to a more recent approach which
focuses on the concept of under-development and expresses a Third World
view (Hettne, 1995). The emergence of the dependency paradigm came not
only from some of the perceived weaknesses of the ECLA but also as a more
radical response to orthodox development thinking such as that advanced by
Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth . Oman and Wignaraja (1991) outlined
three main currents of dependency in Latin America. The first is found in
the writings of Furtado and Sunkel who sought to reformulate the limits of
the ECLA and argued that economic policy should be reoriented towards
national economic development to overcome the constraints of the centre-
periphery relationship. The second current is found in the neo-Marxist views
of Frank (1966) who negated the possibility of capitalist development, stat-
ing that capitalism itself leads to the 'development of underdevelopment'.
Frank argued that 'metropolitan capitalism depends on the exploitation and
active underdevelopment of an already capitalist periphery' (Corbridge, 1995: 5).
Finally, Cardoso and Faletto accepted the possibility of capitalist develop-
ment and thus are closer to traditional Marxism. They acknowledged that
for some parts of the periphery, 'dependent development' was conceivable
(Oman & Wignaraja, 1991).