Travel Reference
In-Depth Information
and trade agreements (Peters, 1969). Mantećon (2010) argues that Spain's
modernisation has been based to a large extent on 'residential tourism'. This
form of tourism represents not only a production model but also a type of
lifestyle migration. The Spanish Stabilisation Plan of 1959, which sought to
modernise Spain's economy, had tourism as a pillar of the country's socio-
economic modernisation as they opened up to the Western world. The
increase in the balance of payments is one of the most publicised economic
considerations of tourism (Baretje, 1982; Mathieson & Wall, 1982) with the
tourism satellite account promoted as an improved method for keeping track
of tourism statistics (Smith, 1998). Initial studies focused on the positive
economic aspects of tourism (Davis, 1968; Bond & Ladman, 1980) before
turning to question its value (Bryden, 1973; de Kadt, 1979a, 1979b; Diamond,
1977; Young, 1973).
Van Doorn (1979, cited in Pearce, 1989) argues that tourist development
can only be understood in the context of the development stage of the coun-
try. This comment reflects the design of evolutionary models of tourism
linked to modernisation. Krapf (1961, cited in Pearce, 1989) focused on the
economic growth of tourism and drew on Rostow's model. Thurot (1973,
cited in Pearce, 1989) linked the development of international tourism to the
evolution of airline routes. Plog (1977) differentiated stages of resort develop-
ment according to interests and activities of tourists, while Miossec (1976,
cited in Pearce, 1989) developed a model, which depicts the structural evolu-
tion of tourist regions and identified hierarchy and specialisation. Van Doorn
(1979, cited in Pearce, 1989) proposed a typology which combined the stage
of tourist development with levels of social and economic development.
Finally, in a widely cited model, Butler (1980) developed an evolutionary
model of a tourist area based on the product life cycle that traces the evolu-
tion of resorts as they become more popular and witness the arrival of mul-
tinational corporations that are linked to free markets and Western
development models.
Tourism has also been promoted as a regional development tool as a form
of distributive justice (Pearce, 1989). Governments seeking to even out oppor-
tunities across the country may act as an entrepreneur to attract foreign
investment in line with the concepts of modernisation, creating the precon-
ditions for economic growth (Jenkins, 1980). The regional economic develop-
ment work of Myrdal and Hirschman can be seen in tourism studies that
have focused on filtering economic benefits (direct, indirect and induced -
Milne, 1992) through regional, national and local economies. The strategy of
utilising growth impulses through the economy falls under the diffusion
approach outlined in Table 2.2. Similar to the theories of Perroux (1988),
Mexican government planners have used a growth pole approach when
developing tourist centres along the coast (Clancy, 2001; Kemper, 1979) and
infrastructure requirements for tourism have been widely used as regi-
onal development tools (Peppelenbosch & Templeman, 1973). Elsewhere,
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