Travel Reference
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only guidelines as it can be difficult to precisely indicate when a development
paradigm started. The timeframes indicate when the paradigm gained prom-
inence after World War II. Different approaches to development may fade
from favour but they do not disappear and still offer insight into the develop-
ment process. The development paradigms are not all mutually exclusive and
some stress directed strategies and policies as to how development should
proceed (e.g. structural adjustment, basic needs) while others comment more
on the underlying reasons of the existence of underdevelopment in a nation
(e.g. neo-colonialism, post-development). Each new development paradigm
can be viewed, in part, as a reaction against the paradigms and theories,
which preceded it. Lewis et al. (2014: 19) argue that 'all forms of development
knowledge can be - and historically have been - largely understood as a
series of “stories”' and this chapter traces these 'stories'. In examining the
changes in paradigms, Rist (1997: 2) states, 'every perspective involves a par-
ticular point of view, which should be defined so as to dispel the illusion of
objectivity or exhaustiveness'.
Conceptualising Tourism's Role in Development
Theory
The model presented in the introduction to this topic indicates the com-
plexity of the relationship between tourism and development. Development
theory and tourism have evolved along similar time lines since World War II
and have shared similar focuses and there is a growing body of work that has
investigated the relationship between tourism and development (for example
see Babu et al. , 2008; Burns, 1999a; Burns & Novelli, 2008b; Dieke, 1993,
2000; Harrison, 1994; Holden, 2013; Ioannides, 1995; Mowforth & Munt,
1998, 2009; Opperman, 1993; Telfer, 2009; Telfer & Sharpley 2008; Woodcock
& France, 1994). Tourism research advanced mainly after World War II with
the rise of mass tourism (Britton, 1980). Papers on tourism can be traced to
the 1930s and earlier, with the bulk of the literature on tourism evolving
from the 1960s (Pearce, 1993). Tourism research initially functioned as an
instrument for development with the majority of the research being con-
ducted by planners and economists who worked for organisations including
the UN, the World Bank, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development (Graburn & Jafari, 1991). During the 1960s, mass tourism
was essentially equated with development, which was part of the moderni-
sation paradigm. There was a belief that tourism created increases in foreign
exchange and employment and that tourist expenditures generated a large
multiplier effect which stimulated the local economy (Davis, 1968; Graburn
& Jafari, 1991; Peppelenbosch & Templeman, 1973). However, in time,
authors began to question the benefits of tourism (Bryden, 1973), indicating
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