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critics argue it is irrelevant to impose the universality of human rights. Mapp
(2008: 20) cites Ife and Fiske's (2006) study to show that universality does
not necessarily mean 'sameness' but, rather, that it is an emphasis of the
'essential worth of every human being'. Each culture and social order must be
respected, but should not be used as an excuse to impinge on human rights.
Tourism must adopt human rights issues emerging from tourism devel-
opment. MNCs must recognise that they are no longer simply an entity
protected by private laws, but rather that they are expected to take proactive
actions to protect human rights. Both the state and public sector actors in
nations must recognise that allowing human rights abuses of citizens and
tourists will have long-lasting negative impacts for their business and devel-
opment interests. The fundamental rights of human beings are the founda-
tion of any form of development. This chapter is far from a comprehensive
discourse on human rights issues in tourism due to the complexity of the
problems; however, it has attempted to illustrate major human rights issues
in tourism development, to advance awareness and encourage discussion that
results in the appropriate actions being taken to tackle these challenges.
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