Tourism, Climate Change and Development - Tourism and Development: Concepts and Issues - page 350

6,000,000

Brazil China India South Africa

5,000,000

4,000,000

Energy

3,000,000

Industrial
processes

2,000,000

Agriculture

1,000,000

Waste

0

Africa Asia and the Pacific Latin America and the

Caribbean

Other

Land-use change
and forestry

-1,000,000

Region

Figure 11.4 Aggregate greenhouse gas emissions and removals by sector by region
(Gg CO 2 -equivalent)
Source: UNFCCC, 2005; for 1994 or the closest year reported.

tourism, with each international tourist arrival in for instance St Lucia
entailing more than 1t of CO 2 emissions (Gössling et al. , 2008). Similarly,
Hall (2010a) estimated that visitation to a number of the Caribbean islands
was equivalent (visitors as a percentage of population multiplied by average
length of stay) to a significant percentage of the permanent population and
represented the equivalent of 30.5% for Anguilla, 23.1% for Antigua and
Barbuda, 25.4% for the Bahamas, 89% for the Cayman Islands and 17.4% for
Bermuda. The consumption of which is all included in the consumption
figures of the permanent population.

Climate change risks to tourism destinations in
developing nations
With its close connections to the environment and climate itself, tour-
ism is considered a highly climate-sensitive economic sector similar to
agriculture, insurance, energy and transportation (Becken & Hay, 2007;
Gössling & Hall, 2006a; Scott et al. , 2008, 2012b). Climate defines the
length and quality of tourism seasons and plays a major role in destina-
tion choice and tourist spending. Climate affects a wide range of the
environmental resources that are critical attractions for tourism in many
destinations, such as wildlife productivity and biodiversity, water levels
and quality, and snow conditions. Climate also has an important influ-
ence on environmental conditions that can deter tourists, including infec-
tious diseases, wildfires, insect or water-borne pests (e.g. jellyfish swarms,
algae blooms), and extreme events such as tropical cyclones, flooding and
heat waves.
Consequently, it is anticipated that the integrated effects of climate
change (both shifts in climatic means and extremes), climate-induced