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Figure 11.3 Caribbean average per capita per year CO 2 emissions and global
reduction targets
Source: Authors, based on data from United Nations Statistics Division 2009*.
Notes: *CO 2 emission sources include emissions from the energy industry, from transport, from
fuel combustion in industry, services, households, etc., and industrial processes, such as the
production of cement.
by 2100, or what is generally seen as the maximum level of global warming
'avoiding dangerous interference with the climate system' (e.g. Meinshausen
et al. , 2008). However, as illustrated by the example of Caribbean countries,
this could imply emission cuts even in countries like Aruba, Trinidad &
Tobago, Bahamas, Cayman Islands or Antigua and Barbuda - all of which
exceed global average per capita emissions - while seeking to further develop
their tourism economies.
In this context it is important to understand sources of emissions in the
Caribbean. Figure 11.4 shows emissions by non-Annex I region and sector,
including energy, industrial processes, agriculture, waste and land use change
and forestry. As Figure 11.4 reveals, emissions in Latin America and the
Caribbean arise largely from energy use (fossil fuels), agriculture and land use
change. Much of the total is a result of emissions in Brazil, while the
Caribbean accounts only for a small share of the overall total. Nevertheless,
it seems clear that a considerable share of emissions in the Caribbean is a
result of emissions from energy use, and in particular fuels. A considerable
share of fuel imports can again be linked to tourism, particularly in those
islands being highly dependent on tourism (cf. Gössling et al. , 2008; Hall,
2010a): all islands with above average per capita emission levels, including
Aruba, Antigua and Barbados. The Bahamas and Barbados have well-developed
tourism systems, with 25-50% of their GDP depending on tourism (Table
11.3). It is likely that a considerable share of national emissions is linked to
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