Tourism, Development and the Environment - Tourism and Development: Concepts and Issues - page 253

ways in which the environment is perceived and managed must be viewed
from a multi-dimensional (and, implicitly, a multi-disciplinary) perspective,
giving due recognition to broader forces and influences that may impact
upon or shape tourism development at the destination. Figure 9.1 conceptu-
alises the tourism-environment relationship, suggesting the complex and
multi-dimensional perspectives on how the environment, in the tourism con-
text, may be perceived.

Technology Environment/climate Global Factors

Destinational Factors Exogenous factors

Destination
characteristics
Natural resources
Built environment
Fragility/robustness of
resources

External/international
tourism sector
Investment
Political influence

Tourism development
Stage
Scale
Type
Relative economic
significance

Regional/national
planning policies
Economic development
Infrastructural
development
Land-use planning

Regional/national
environmental policy
Sustainable development
Carbon emission
reduction
Landscape/wildlife
protection

Stakeholders
(values/attitudes/needs)
Local community
Local tourism sector
Local agencies/interest
groups

Tourism-
environment
interface

Tourists
Volume/types/activities
Environmental attitudes/
awareness
Satisfaction

Regional/national socio-
cultural influences
Values/attitudes/needs
(environmental, spiritual,
cultural, utilitarian)
National image

Responses
Tourism
planning and
management

Political economy
Political structures/
institutions/ideologies
Stage of economic
development
Tourism planning
structures/processes

Organisations
National/international
agencies
NGOs
Third sector
Pressure groups

Economy

Global Factors

Politics

Figure 9.1 A conceptual model of the tourism-environment relationship
Source: Sharpley (2009b: 126)