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(Picard, 1995, 1997), the modification of Pisac pottery to suit tourists' tastes
in Peru (Henrici, 1999), the shortening of the Kecak Dance in Bali, and vari-
ous other changes in cultural shows at international hotels and in tourist art
sold at airports.
Family structures and values can also be affected by the introduction of
tourism as a form of modernisation. Tourism businesses tend to prefer to use
the 'feminine touch' or rely on the friendliness of female workers at different
levels. That being said, many tourism-related jobs that are available to the
local population are unskilled menial jobs, and hence offer low pay.
These characteristics of tourism jobs give more women an opportunity
to work in the tourism industry both in post-industrialising countries and
in developing countries. Although this phenomenon can be argued to be
part of female empowerment through tourism development, it can also be
discussed as a changing agent in family structure and in the balance of
power in social structures. In some traditional societies, women are not the
main breadwinners of the family. However, by taking jobs in the tourism
industry, women begin to earn salaries and it is not unusual for their
earnings to be higher and steadier than men's earnings in primary industries
(i.e. agriculture or fishery). In his 1995 interview with the manager of a four-
star hotel in Senggigi Beach on the island of Lombok, Indonesia, Telfer
learned of the case of a young female worker from a traditional local village
who had been hired to work at the hotel. After a period of time, the woman's
father came from the village to pick her up at the hotel and would not allow
her to return to work. He was in an uncomfortable position, as his daughter
had been making more money than he had ever earned, and he also did not
want his daughter working in the presence of foreign male tourists (Telfer,
2001, personal communication).
In some countries, highly skilled and trained men, such as those working
as medical doctors, take up jobs in tourism to make more money (Szivas &
Riley, 1999), which often results in displacement of professions, particularly
in rural areas. Similarly, men who have limited education are also readily
available for tourism jobs. The employment opportunities for local women
and men can threaten the authority of chiefs, elders and older men who
traditionally hold influential positions in society (Harrison, 1992b). In some
nations, like India, for example, where retail business employees are tradi-
tionally women, many men who are unable to find higher-level jobs in the
tourism industry, or those who have lost their jobs in other sectors, now
displace women in their jobs in the retail sector (Rao, 2000).
It is not economic autonomy that solely results in social change. 'Losing'
women to tourism jobs means that family responsibility for domestic chores,
which used to be women's responsibility, has to be re-assigned. The practice
of a nine-to-five, 40-hour workweek delineated by shifts is alien to many
non-Western societies. Working in such a system prevents many local
employees from participating in social obligations, religious rituals and
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