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project to demonstrate the links between development and conservation
(Widfelt, 1996). In addition to the form of development, the rate of tourism
development can also raise concerns. In the context of the Balearic Islands,
Morgan (2000) notes that 50 years ago most of the residents were subsistence
farmers. Ibiza for example, is now known for its clubbing scene and mass
hedonism. It has been the centre of a construction boom which has spoiled
huge areas of coast and countryside and caused a dramatic water shortage.
Attempts by the Balearic government to impose an eco-tax have, however,
met with resistance from the industry (Morgan, 2000).
Within the context of regional development, governments need to decide
on the nature of tourism that they want to develop. The rapidly growing
middle class in East and South Asia has the potential to generate significant
cruise tourism in the Pacific, which will generate demand for less-congested
ports offering a range of shore excursions (Macpherson, 2008). While the
cruise industry has been growing rapidly (Lee & Ramdeen, 2013), there are
concerns over the social, environmental and economic impacts of the increas-
ingly larger and faster ships (Macpherson, 2008). Milne (1992) argues that
for tourism to be of maximum benefit for island microstates, the industry
needs to be planned on an integrated basis with other parts of the economy,
taking into account the broader social, political and economic objectives and
constraints. Profits derived from tourism should not necessarily be put
straight back into further tourism expansion but should be used to secure a
regionally, economically and socially balanced pattern of investment and
development. Harrison's (1992a) comment on the work by Smith on the
island of Borcay in the Philippines concludes this section. While the once
subsistence-based island has been modernised by tourism and is now more
closely connected to the world economic system with the expansion of a
cash economy along with the introduction of 'Western' norms, the question
is raised: was the island developed and who is the judge ?
Tourism Development in Peripheral Regions
As the tourism product continues to diversify to satisfy an ever increas-
ingly demanding market, the geographic location of where tourists are trav-
elling to moves further and further away from developed areas and into the
periphery. Tourism in the periphery here is considered as different from rural
tourism discussed above and is associated with more remote settings.
Botterill et al. (2000) outline the main characteristics of the periphery as:
low levels of economic vitality and dependence on traditional industries,
more rural and remote - often with high scenic values - reliant on imported
technologies and ideas, poor information flows, remote from decision-mak-
ing leading to a sense of alienation, and poor infrastructure. Tourism in
these peripheral regions has been identified under a variety of labels, such as
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