Travel Reference
In-Depth Information
decline. Miossec (1976, cited in Oppermann & Chon, 1997) also developed a
model which looked at the evolutionary development process of a resort area.
The model examines five different stages for resorts, transport, tourists and
hosts. At the final stage, the regions are fully developed with a hierarchy and
areas of specialisations. There is maximum connectivity between resorts and
also there are excursion circuits, which in theory would bring additional
income to businesses in these excursion areas. The development of excursion
routes on the island of Bali, Indonesia for example opened the interior of the
island to tourist traffic. Along many of these excursion roads, gold, silver and
woodcraft shops have opened to cater to tourists.
There are also tourism development models that highlight the challenges
in using tourism as an agent of regional development. At the top of Britton's
(1982a) enclave model of tourism development are the head offices of global
and national tourism firms, which control the industry, and funds generated
through tourism are leaked out of the tourist region back to the metropolitan
countries. The model highlights potential inequalities within a country as
attractions in rural areas receive less attention than those attractions in
urban areas. Weaver (1988) similarly proposed a plantation model of tourism
evolution whereby tourism results in the peripheralisation of the destination
and the basic structural relationships between the core and the periphery
remain essentially unchanged with the tourism landscape reflecting pro-
found spatial inequality. Oppermann (1993) proposed a spatio-temporal
development model of tourism space. A key dimension of this model is the
distinction between the formal and informal tourism sector. While the
formal sector is often associated with employment in hotels, the informal
sector consists mainly of hawkers or street vendors and locally owned
accommodations. The informal sector is labour intensive with very limited
capital, and yet they can derive high profits per unit and the money increases
the multiplier effect for the local economy (see Chapters 3 and 6). If the
strategy behind regional development is to generate economic benefits for
those living in peripheral areas, then the governments need to calculate
which type of tourism will bring more benefits to the local community. If
the informal sector is discouraged, then there is a lost opportunity for local
entrepreneurial development. Wall (1993b) advocates a mix of both tourist
types (mass to explorer) and accommodation types (five-star to guest houses)
to promote the sustainable development of tourism.
State Involvement and Public Policy in Regional
Tourism Development
The various institutions of the state can have an impact on how tourism
is used as a vehicle for regional development. The main institutions of the
state include 'the central government, administrative departments, the courts
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