Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
4
HEEL
STRIKE
3
AXIAL COMPRESSION FORCE
2
1
SHEARING FO RCE
0
-1
100
20
40
60
80
0
PERCENTAGE STANCE PHASE
Fig. 4.11
Compressive Force in the Tibiotalar Joint [3]
RESULTANT
COMPRESSION FORCE
AXIAL
COMPRESSION FORCE
SHEARING FORCE
Fig. 4.12
Force Vectors in the Tibiotalar Joint
4.4 Pathology
Disease processes involving the ankle joint are usually classified into congenital,
metabolic, neuro-muscular, infectious, autoimmune and post-traumatic.
4.4.1 Congenital
Incomplete or poor embryonic development of the ankle can result from congenital
anomalies such as “club foot” or “vertical talus”. These disruptions in normal
