Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
CHAPTER SEVEN
Neuron-Intrinsic Inhibitors of
Axon Regeneration: PTEN and
SOCS3
Xueting Luo, Kevin K. Park
1
Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of
Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
1
Corresponding author: e-mail address: kpark@med.miami.edu
Contents
1.
Introduction
142
2. PTEN: A Negative Regulator of Cell and Axon Growth
143
2.1 PTEN is an intrinsic blocker of axon regrowth
143
2.2 Downstream effectors of PTEN
146
3. SOCS3: An Inhibitor of Cytokine-Induced Axon Regeneration
153
3.1 Glycoprotein 130 family of cytokines triggers axon regeneration
154
3.2 SOCS3 inhibits CNTF effects
155
3.3 STAT3: A facilitator of axon regeneration
157
4. Synergistic Effects from Simultaneously Targeting PTEN and Other
Growth-Promoting Factors
160
5. Summary and Perspectives
162
Acknowledgment
164
References
164
Abstract
Our understanding of how axon regeneration is controlled in both the peripheral and
central nervous systems remains fragmentary. Research into the regenerative capacity
of adult neurons has elucidated PTEN and SOCS3 as distinctive but complementary
arms of the regenerative program. These molecules act as negative regulators of major
signaling pathways and impact the processes occurring in the cell body, such as protein
translation and transcription, and in the axons, such as cytoskeleton assembly. In this
review, we summarize the role of PTEN and SOCS3 in limiting axon regeneration
and discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying their growth-inhibitory
effects.
