Geology Reference
In-Depth Information
Friends), and consists of extremely heterogeneous materials,
reworked to represent the whole educational training inten-
ded for the elite (Anon
2012
).
Without the bene
(1522
-
1605), Luigi Ferdinando Marsili (1658
-
1730), Abb
é
Anton Lazzaro Moro (1687
1740), and Antonio Vallisnieri
-
(1661
1565) in Swit-
zerland known for
De omni rerum fossilium genre
of 1565,
Edward Lhuyd (Luidius; 1603
-
1730) in Italy, Conrad Gesner (1516
-
t of previous works on the study of
Chinese contributions to the science of geology, in either
Chinese or Western language, Needham (
1959
), in collab-
oration with Wang Ling, Trinity College, Cambridge Uni-
versity, undertook a
1709) and Robert Hooke
-
(1635
1703) in the United Kingdom, and the Dane, Niels
Stensen, better known as Nicolaus Steno (and Latinized to
Nicolaus Stenonis or Nicolaus Stenonius (1638
-
of the history of
the development of geological principles and mineralogy.
From the Chinese literature, Needham (
1959
) discovered
that the Chinese were well versed in the principles of
geology as early as the 1
“
rough approximation
”
—
known for
Dissertationis Prodromus
of
circa
1669, which
introduced concepts such as folded strata, faulting, volcanic
intrusions and eroded forms).
[While the Latin term
geologie
was referred to in relation
1686)
-
6th Centuries, and that the min-
eralogical sections of topics such as Hai Yao Pen Tshao (Li
Xun; said to be of Persian heritage, in
ca
900s) was in
advance of Aristotelian ideas, and gave rise to several works
of importance in Western languages. These include works by
Fernand du Saussay de M
-
to
“
Earthly
”
sciences
in
The Philobiblon
by Richard
D
aungerville de bury (England, Bishop of Durham;
1287
'
2011
), Ulisse Aldrovandi, a
pioneer of ichnology, is credited as having rst dened the
modern term and meaning of
1345) in 1345 (Bren
č
i
č
-
é
ly (1851
1935).
'
geology
'
in 1603 (Vai and
-
rst naturalists to
have formulated a theory of geomorphology (pre-Agricola)
and to understand concepts that, when stated by Nicholas
Steno (1638
Shen Kuo (1031
1095) was one of the
Cavazza
2006
)].
Following the period of the Antiquities and the Renais-
sance, there was a third wave of geological interest, i.e.,
during the Industrial Revolution, when the principles of
Modern Geology were founded with contributions,
-
1796), as
principles of science, became part of the foundations of the
science of Geology. Shen Kuo also formulated a theory of
gradual climate change after his observation of ancient pet-
ri
-
1686), and James Hutton in (1727
-
for
example, from Andrea Cespalpino (1519
-
1603) known for
“
De metallicis libri
tres
”
of 1596), Ferrante Imperator
“
Dell
Historia Naturale
”
ed bamboos found in a preserved state underground near
Yanzhou (modern Yan
(1550
-
1625) known for
'
of 1599
an), in the dry northern climate of
Shaanxi province (Asimov and Bosworth
1998
).
Building on earlier work, the treatise on minerals by Mei
Pia (the
Shi Yao Erh Ya
, the dictionary of minerals and
drugs;
ca
818 AD) lists 335 synonyms of 62 chemical
substances, and predates scienti
'
and Giovanni Arduino (1714
1795), often referred to as the
-
“
Father of Italian Geology
”
in Italy, Peter Simon Pallas
(1741
1811), Abraham Gottlob Werner (1749
1817), and
-
-
Leopold von Buch (1774
1852)
in Germany,
Johann
-
Scheuchzer (1672
1733), Horace Benedicte de Saussure
-
c topics devoted to stones
and minerals during the Sung dynasty 969
(1740
1799) and Jean-Andr
é
de Luc (1727
1817) in Swit-
-
-
1126 AD.
Historically, the Renaissance, and the Scienti
-
zerland, Carl Von Linn
é
, better known as Carl Linneus
c Revolu-
(1707
1778), Johan Wallerius (1709
1785), Axel Cronstedt
-
-
ö
tion, i.e., 14th
17th Century in Europe, is the next period
when notable contributions to the science of Geology were
recorded. In this period, modern Geology is recorded as
beginning with Georg Baur, better known by the Latinised
version of his name, Georgius Agricola
-
(1722
-
1765) and J
ns Jacob Berzelius (1779
-
1848)
in
Sweden,
John Woodward (1665
1728, William Smith
-
(1769
1839), Charles Lyell (1797
1875) and James Hutton
-
-
(1726
1797)
in the United Kingdom, Georges Cuvier
-
(Germany,
(1769
1832) and Jaques Valmont de Bomare (1731
1807),
-
-
1494
1555). Agricola is best known for his 12-volume
publication
De Re Metallica
(published posthumously
known for
“
Mineralogie, ou nouvelle exposition du regne
-
—
Agricola
1556
) and his contribution to mining and metal-
lurgy, however, he is also known for
De Ortu et Causis
Subterraneorum
(5 pioneering works on physical geology;
De Natura Eorum quae Ef
min
é
ral. Ouvrage dans lequel on a t
â
ch
é
de ranger dans
l
'
ordre le plus naturel les individus de ce Regne & o
ù
l
'
on
expose leurs propri
chaniques; avec un
dictionnaire nomenclateur et des tables synoptiques
é
t
é
s & usages m
é
”
in
uunt ex Terra;
4 works dealing
with subterranean waters and gases;
De Natura Fossilium
;
10 works on the
1762, Jean-Baptiste Louis Rom
é
de l
'
Isle (1736
1790),
-
é
ü
Ren
Just Ha
y (1743
-
1822, and Alexandre Brongniart
rst systematic mineralogy;
De Veteribus et
Novis Metallis
; two works dealing largely with the history of
metals and topographical mineralogy;
Rerum metallicorum
interpretatio
, and a dictionary of Latin and German miner-
alogical and metallurgical
(1770
1847) in France, and Andreas Kordellas (1836
1909)
-
-
in Greece (Zittel
1901
; Vai
2009
; Needham
1959
).
The period from circa 1700 to 1900, encapsulating the
Age of Enlightenment (or the Age of Reason) and the
Industrial Revolution, stands as the most important period
for the discipline of Geology, because it marks the beginning
of the geological sciences in academia, and both interna-
tional and national initiatives for collaboration. For example,
terms; Hoover and Hoover
(
1950
). Other pioneering
gures contributing to the foun-
dations of the geological science, during this period, include
Leonardo
da Vinci
(1452
1519), Ulisse Aldrovandi
-
